Honors 11: Heidi Wyman

Three Questions

2009-05-11T19:17:00.000-07:00

What does it take to realize life? How do you realize life? Do you think anyone, ever really can realize life?

To realize life it takes living life to the fullest and it takes a person that is willing to take that risk that no one else would. To realize life you need to exsperiance life to the fullest, to gain all the knowledge of exspericance in all of the aspects of life. You can only realize life when you have exsperianced all of the parts of life.

There's something way down deep about every person... How would you define that thing that makes us uniquely human, that connects us as humans, that makes us a part of the circle of life?

What makes us uniquely human, connects us as humans or makes us a part of the circle of life; our ability to care and love, to think things over and make choices based on past experiences makes us uniquely human. The humans ability to care for others connects us as humans, when one human is in danger or harm has come to them we as humans have the natural instinct to help. When hurricane Katrina hit Americans from all over donated clothes, food, water and time to help the people rebuild their city and their homes. Our interactions with the environment and animals makes us a part of the circle of life. What makes us uniquely human, our ability to understand what is happening around us. Humans can understand and interpret what we see, hear, feel, taste our understanding makes us the unique creature that we are.

This is the way we were What things (referring specifically to the list we made for the bulletin board items) do you think were handled the same or differently in the past as compared to now?

Things today are handled very different then in the past. Take daily life for example, twenty years ago people did not have the fancy computers, ipods and wireless internet that we have today. Twenty years ago daily life consisted of going outside to do entertain yourself rather then just sit in front of the tv play the play station. When people wanted to talk to each other they would go and meet in person rather then text on their cell phones. These are just little aspects of daily life that have changed. Although how we handle things has changed some have stayed the same. Holidays have mostly stayed constant throughout the years. In the past and today people have always celebrated Christmas to be with their family, Thanks giving to give thanks to all that they are thankful for and Halloween just to have fun and dress like a completely different you. We handle things differently then in the past yet on the other hand we handle other aspects in the same way as we have in the past.

Identifies week two

2008-09-01T18:03:00.000-07:00

John Cabot: Italian explorer and the first European to discover North America in 1497.

Giovanni Verrazano: Italian explorer who explored the American in the service of the king of France.

Jacques Cartier: Explorer who claimed Canada for France.

Jamestown, 1607: 1st permanent English settlement.

Walter Raleigh: Helped in the colonization of Jamestown.

Croatoan: Indian tribe from Croatoan Island.

Indentured Servitude: Immigrants coming to America to work as laborers.

Wahunsonacock: Indian tribe.

Powhatan: Indian tribe.

Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer who tried to find a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia.

John Rolfe: 1st successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop. Husband of Pocahontas.

Puritans: Religious group wanting more purity.

Mayflower Compact: 1st governing document of Plymouth Colony.

William Bradford: Military commander of the Plymouth forces.

John Winthrop: Led a group of English puritans to the New World.

The Great Migration: 7 million African Americans out of Southern United States to the North, Midwest, and the West.

Anne Hutchinson: Unauthorized puritan minister of a dissident church. Pioneer settler in Massachusetts Bay.

Week one identifies

2008-09-01T17:48:00.001-07:00

Identifies: Week One

Marco Polo: An italian who was an adventurer and merchant from Venice. He spent twenty years traveling through China and central Asia.

The Columbian Exchange: The exchange of goods across the Atlantic Ocean. Different foods got introduced to new parts of the world. European nations gained wealth and power off of the Americans metal and other resources. Agriculture products from the Americans improved nutrition around the world. The Columbian Exchange was very important and transformed the world.

Hernando Cortez: Also known as Hernan Cortes was a professional soldier in Spain. He gathered troops and fought Indians on the Mexican coast in 1519. He was a conquistador whcih means a spanish conqueror. He conquered the Aztecs and controlled all of central Mexico.

Pueblo Revolt in 1680: When the Pueblo Indians got fed up with Spanish demands and taxes they drove the Spanish out of Sante Fe and then had a series of attacks on them.

Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494: Spain and Portugal drew a "line" that separated the world. Territory that was explored west of the line would belong to Spain and east of the line would belong to Portugal.

African Diaspora during the 1500's through 1800's: Portugals result in major economic activity from slave trade and they were resettled to the Americans. It is estimated that 10 million or more Africans were shipped to the Americas.

Magna Carta: A charter the English nobles made Kings John limiting the power of the monarch.

Anasizi; between 800 and 1100 A.D: A Native American group who began to make multistory rock and adobe dwellings. They are the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians.

Mestizos: They are below the Spaniards in the Spanish America social class. They could work at the highest positions in the Spanish society but were msotly artisans, estate supervisors, traders or shopkeepers.

Ibu Battuta: Moroccan traveller. He covered 75,000 miles of the Muslim world in the 1300's.

Zhena He: Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral. Early 1400's.

Spanish Inquisition in 1478: Was established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in the Kingdom under control of the Spanish Monarchy.

Tomas de Torquemada 1400's: Spanish Dominican, first inquisitor general of Spain. He was a confessor to Isabella of Spain.

Mound-Builders: American Indians who constructed various styles of earthen mounds for Burial in 3000 BC to the 16th Century.

Tenochtitlan: Located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Founded 1325 and was defeated in 1521.

2008-09-01T13:36:00.000-07:00

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee Authors Intent
Heidi Wyman

Dee Brown was born on February 28, 1908 in Alberta, Louisiana. He grew up in Arkansas where he aspired to be a librarian. He used his time in the library to find the truth about the Indian tribes he was meeting. Brown then attended George Washington University where he studied and earned his bachelor's degree in library science in 1937. Brown published his first book, Wave Hight the Banner, in 1942 and followed it up with many more novels and nonfiction books about the American west. Brown acquired his Masters at the University of Illinois where he worked in the library and eventually becoming the professor of library science from 1962 to 1975. While Brown was at the University he wrote his best known book Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, this was his greatest achievement that revealed the story of the Indians in America.

Dee Brown thought it was important to inform people of the injustices and betrayals by the U.S. government. Many people have heard stories of the Indians but never from the Indian point of view. Dee Brown met with the Indians of the west and was shocked by their oral narratives because he had never heard their side of the story, the mutilations, betrayals and bad treatment. Dee Brown felt it was important for the rest of the world to know of the true treatment the Indians received from the Americans and published his book Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee.

Dee Brown showed the mistreatment of the Indians in many different places. He addressed the bad quality of the reservations the Indians were forced to live on. In one reservation "there was not enough to eat in the empty land- no wild game, no clear water to drink, and the agent did not have enough rations to feed them all."(1) This was not all that troubled the Indians on the reservation. "To make matters worse, the summer heat was unbearable, and the air was filled with mosquitoes and flying dust."(1) Brown showed many times that the quality of living for the Indians was very poor because the Americans wanted their land. Part of the intent of his book was to point this out to the public.

A second Intent of Dee Brown was to show the amount of treaties that the Americans made with the Indians and then broke. Almost all of the treaties that were made with the Indians were at some point broken and usually ending in a battle where many Indians were killed. The best example of this is the Battle of Wounded Knee. The American soldiers took the Indians weapons away from them and promised them peace. They then turned their back on them and attacked the Indians who had no way of defending themselves. This is known as the last Indian vs. American battle the end of the killing off of the Indians in America.

When Dee Brown published his book in 1970, many people had no idea of how the Indians were treated and forced out of their land by betrayal. The intent of his book was to inform the people of what the Americans, our government and military had done to the Indians, how badly they treated them and deceived them. Brown told the story no one wanted to hear, how the Americans murdered a whole culture just so we could have their land. He was successful at his intent to inform the public of the treatment of the Indians and revealed a disturbing history. He also fulfilled his intent to tell that disturbing history from the point of view of the Indians.

Bibliographies

(1) Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee : An Indian History of the American West. New York, NY: Owl Books, 2003.

"Dee Brown." Enotes. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.enotes.com/bury-heart/author-biography>.

2008-08-25T08:16:00.000-07:00

Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee
Part Two
Heidi Wyman

The battle of Wounded Knee was the last mass extinction of Indians in America. This Battle eliminated the last major tribe of Indians, the Sioux. The Americans attacked the Sioux tribe, first taking all of their weapons so they could not fight back and then used their own weapons to kill all of the Sioux Indians. The tragedy at Wounded Knee was severe, but this was not the only time in history that we have seen a mass extinction of this extent. Hitler exterminated a great amount of Jewish people with the Holocaust, making it an event in history very similar to the extinction of the Indians.

The Holocaust and the Indian elimination have many things in common. The first similarity is the goal of the Americans and the Nazi's. Both groups wanted to wiping out/eliminating a race from the earth. The Americans wanted to eliminate the Indian race, so they could acquire their land and its riches. The American soldiers believed that "unless (the Indians were) removed by the government, they must necessarily be exterminated."(1) The Americans followed through with this plan coming very close to eliminating the Indian race. The Nazi's on the other hand wanted to eliminate the Jewish race because of strong hatred toward the Jewish from their leader. Hitler states in his speech before he was elected to power in Germany that if he was "ever really in power, the destruction of Jews will be (his) first and important job." He said "I will have gallows erected.... The Jews will be hanged one after another."(2) Again the Nazi's tried and killed much of the Jewish population in Germany. The Nazi's and the Americans had a very similar goal, elimination of a group of people.

When the Americans and Nazi's did not immediately kill their hostages, they would send them to live in horrible places. The American troops that captured hostages or tribes, would send and contain them in a small piece of land called a reservation. Most of the time these reservations were not fit for anyone or anything to live on. On one of the reservations the Indians were sent to live on, "there was not enough to eat in the empty land- no wild game, no clear water to drink, and the agent did not have enough rations to feed them all."(1) This was not all that troubled the Indians on the reservation. "To make matters worse, the summer heat was unbearable, and the air was filled with mosquitoes and flying dust."(1) There were many other reservations with conditions as bad as this one and worse. When the Nazi's did not sent the Jews to the gas chambers, they sent them to places like the reservations only they were called concentration camps. These concentration camps forced the Jewish people to do jobs for them without any payment. Jews who were sent to Auschwitz faced harsh working conditions, starvation and mistreatment. These people were also branded with a tattoo of a number, an ID number used to tell them apart. These tattoos were placed on the Jews in many different ways, one way was for the Nazi's to burn the number into the Jews chest and then dump ink into the open wound. This was only the start to the bad quality of the concentration camps, the Nazi's did not provide enough food or clothing, heart or other living essentials . The Indians and Jewish people were forced to live in horrible conditions, conditions no one should ever have to live in.

The Americans and Nazi's not only made life horrible for the Indians and Jews, they killed thousands of people. The Americans attacked the Indian race killing and mutilating including the women and children. This is best seen at the battle of Wounded Knee, the Americans went into the Indian camp and removed all of their weapons from them and then later they attacked this unarmed group killing almost all of the Indians, the men, the women and the children. The survivors were taken to a reservation where they were to live until death. The Jews were sometimes shot but usually were eliminated in a more efficient/consistent way. The Nazi's did not want to chance anyone living and they decided to build gas chambers where they would enclose the Jews and gas them to death. The Nazi's again showed no sympathy for the women and children, they saw the women as weak people who would not work with children and sent the women with children to the gas chambers first. The Nazi's then sent anyone they though were going to be to weak to work into the gas chambers next. The remaining people, mostly men, were sentenced to work for the Nazi's until death, which came within a year for most. The Americans savagely killed the Indians while the Nazi's savagely killed the Jews.

Although these two events had similarities they also had some differences. The Americans and the Nazi's both wanted to eliminate a race from the earth but they had different reasons. The Americans wanted to eliminate the Indians because they owned very valuable land, land that was excellent for growing crops, land that contained gold and silver and land the Americans could live one. The Americans attacked the Indians to strip them of their land, so the Americans could gain wealth. The Nazi's on the other hand had a very different reason for wanting to eliminate the Jews. The Nazi leader, Hitler, had a great hate for the Jews and was blaming them for the economical issues of Germany. He led his population to their problems stemmed from the Jews and that they should work to eliminate them. The Nazi's and the Americans had very different reasons for trying to eliminate the different races.

The Amount of people that survived the attacks of the Americans and Jews were different. The Indians were almost exterminated by the Americans. The Indian survival rate was very low, when the Americans were done attacking the Indians there were only a few hundred Indians left in each tribe, a number significantly lower then the amount the tribes started with. The Jews on the other hand had many more survivors. The Nazi's killed around six million Jews, some Jewish people surviving in Germany and around the world. The Jewish race had more survivors because their were Jews in other parts of the world and some of them ran away to other countries to survive. Unfortunately, the Indians, who were native to America ran out of places to run to. Today the Native American population is still much smaller.

The last difference between the events was that the Indians fought back while the Jewish people had very little means of fighting back. The Americans started their relationship with the Indians peacefully, this allowed the Indians to acquire guns and other weapons made by the Americans. These weapons allowed the Indians to fight back every step of the way while the Americans were attacking them and trying to steal their lands. The Jews on the other hand were striped of everything on them when they were taken to the concentration camps and they had no way of fighting back. Some of the Jewish population amazingly survived in the concentration camps, by hiding or running away however they were never able to attack/fight against their tormentors as the Native Americans did.

The removal/elimination of Native Americans and the extermination of the Jews by the Nazi's are similar historical events. In both events, a stronger more powerful group of people tried to eliminate another. Although there were some differences, the overall goal and outcome of the two events were very similar the attempted extermination of a race. These events had long term effects on the world.

Citations

(1) Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee : An Indian History of the American West. New York, NY: Owl Books, 2003.

(2) Dr S D Stein. "Statements by Hitler and Senior Nazi's Concerning Jews and Judaism." Learning, Teaching and Researching on the Internet. Nov. 1998. 24 Aug. 2008 <http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/statements.htm>.

2008-08-21T16:48:00.000-07:00

A Midwifes Tale
Quintessential American
Heidi Wyman

When looking for a quintessential American you look for someone who supports the American dream. Martha Ballard is a perfect example of a quintessential American. Martha's life, involvement with the community and job all support the American dream of being successful in society. Martha shows tremendous work ethic in all aspects of her life making her a well respected and great example of an American.

Martha Moore was born in Massachusetts and lived the beginning of her life there. Martha married Ephriam Ballard in 1754 and became Martha Ballard. She gave birth to her first child in 1756 and had four more children in the next ten years. Martha had four girls, three of which died in 1769 from the diphtheria epidemic. Martha gives birth to a child in 1769 and another in 1771 and finally she gave birth to her youngest son on January 1 of 1785. The Ballard family moves to Hallowell, Maine where Ephriam takes over a mill and Martha begins her midwife career. Martha records all of her deliveries and house calls as well as her housework in her diary now known as, A Midwifes Tale. Martha delivered her first child as a midwife in July of 1778 and continued to deliver children for the next thirty four years. She performed eight hundred and fourteen deliveries in Hallowell during her midwife career as well as tending to wounds, illnesses and sores of her neighbors. Martha also had a business in textiles, weaving, knitting and dress making. Martha taught all of her girls how to knit, weave and make dresses so they would be able to support themselves. Martha spent the rest of her time being a mother and taking care of the house. In the end of her life, Martha focuses on her garden while she finishes off her midwife career making her last deliveries in the beginning of 1812 and her last diary entry on May 7th. Martha died a few weeks after making her last diary entry.

Martha Ballard had many jobs including being a midwife, healer, mother, weaver, book keeper and keeper. During her career as midwife, she performed eighth hundred and fourteen deliveries in Hallowell, Maine. Being a midwife was not just a simple job of performing deliveries but also as a healer she tended to all of the neighbors wounds, illnesses and sores, even through the hardest times of the year when the snow was up to your knees in a blizzard. Martha worked hard to make the most deliveries with the least amount of losses, she reported every delivery she attend or performed. An example from her diary shows her diary style, "At Whites. His wife was delivered at 12 O Clok of a daughter and I was Called back to Mr. Parkers. His Lady was delivered at 0 hour 30 minutes of a daughter. I am some fatagud." (1) In this one example Martha delivered two separate children for two different families the Whites and the Parkers. Midwifes not only attended and performed deliveries they also tended to all of their neighbors and family members in times of illness, " At Mr. Hinkleys. Shee remaind poorly till afternoon then by remedys & other means shee got Easyer. I tarried all night" (1) Another part of Martha's job was being a textile maker. Martha and all of her daughter weaved for themselves and others. "Dolly wove her 7 yds of Diaper.", "Dolly warpt a piece for Mrs Pollard of 39 yards.", "Hannah began to weave Cyrus' web", " I have been at home knitting". (1) Hannah, Dolly and Martha spend their time knitting and weaving for others only when they marry do they make themselves blankets. "The girls quilted a two quilts.... They began to quilt at 3 hour pm. Finished and took it out at 7 evening." " The next day they put the quilt into the fraim." (1) Martha's jobs supported her family and gave her a consistent income to rely on. Martha's jobs support the American dream, she had both a successful textile business as well as a successful midwife business.

Another part of Martha's life that supports the American dream and her being a quintessential American is her family life. When Martha was not out with her midwife business, she was at home with her family taking care of her children, her house and growing food and cotton. Martha had four children to take care of and teach the skills they would need to live on their own. Martha spent most of the time with her girls teaching them how to make textiles-quilts, blankets and dresses- a skill they could use to provide money for their own family when they got older. Martha's home life also included taking care of which ever house she was living in. Martha had to cook and clean the house, she had some help from her daughters when they were living with her but when they were not she had all the work to do by herself. Martha also kept a garden where she could grow food that her family would need. Martha tended to her garden and relied on her garden when she got older and could not deliver babies as well as she once used to. Martha's house life was successful, raising children who were successful in society, keeping her house and creating a garden that could supply her family.

Martha's was very successful within her community. Martha had her midwife business that connected her with all of the people in her community and a weaving/textile skill that connected her to many women in the community. Martha cared for many of her community members whether it was through delivering their baby or taking care of them when they were sick. Martha was also just a good neighbor when her community members needed a place to sleep for a few nights or even a long period of time. Martha also contributed to the growth of the community delivering the most babies with the least amount of deaths. Martha took much pride in her community and continuously tried to improve it.

Martha is a quintessential American in many ways. The American dream is to be successful in society, Martha has accomplished this in all aspects of her life. Martha had two jobs, a midwife and textile maker, that were very successful for her. Her family life was successful having four children whom all grew up to be successful in the community. Martha was also very successful in the community, aiding her community members through hard times of sickness and childbirth. Martha's character also lends to the American work ethic, she was a hard worker continuing to deliver babies into her seventies. Martha is truly a quintessential American.

Citations
(1) Ulrich, Laurel T. A Midwife's Tale. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

2008-08-21T16:46:00.000-07:00

Frederick Douglass Thematic Question
Heidi Wyman

In the time Frederick Douglass wrote his autobiography about his life as a slave, slavery was still going on in the south. Frederick's story informed the people of the treatment the slaves were receiving and created a lot of controversy. The majority of people in the north did not have slaves or witness the treatment of slaves in the south, so reading about the slavery in the south and how the slaves were treated was a huge shock to the northern citizens. This was also shocking because Frederick was a former slave of a southern state.

Frederick was born and grew up in Maryland, with a maternal grandmother Betty Bailey. Frederick was owned by Anthony until Anthony's death, when Frederick was given to Lucretia Auld and Thomas Auld. Lucretia sent him to Hugh Auld in Baltimore where his wife taught Frederick how to read and write. Sophia taught Frederick the skills to read and write until her husband found out and forbade her from teaching him anything because he was a slave. Frederick was determined to learn how to read and write and continued to teach himself with help from neighborhood children whom were being taught. Thomas Auld soon hired Frederick out to Mr. Freeman to work on his plantation. While owned by Mr. Freeman, Frederick started a sabbath school where he would teach slaves how to read the new testament and how to write. Frederick taught about forty people in every Sunday session and was successful for about six months. Other slave owners realized that their slaves were learning how to read and write they busted into the school with clubs and stones and ended the school for good. Frederick was sent back to Thomas Auld where he was sent to live with Edward Covey, the "slave breaker". Frederick was whipped often even when there was no reason at all. He was fed up with the beatings and decided to fight back, Frederick was never beaten again by Mr. Covey. Frederick escaped from his owner and made it to the free states.

When Frederick's book was published it created more controversy between the Northern states and the Southern states over slavery. The Northern states did not support slave owning, while the Southern states depended on slaves to farm and produce cotton. The people of the north noticed the injustice of slavery and it shocked them because it was still going on. In other examples of bad treatment of a massive group of people such as the holocaust, the events have already happened when the survivors wrote books about their treatment. Frederick was writing about something that was still going on in another part of America. This created controversy between the slave states and the non-slave states.

Fredericks novel also created controversy because the details of treatment were shocking to those who read about it. Fredericks story revealed how the slaves in the south were treated. He told one story about a slave who was being whipped and ran into the lake to avoid further whipping. The slave refused to get out of the water and the overseer shot and killed him in the water. There were more stories like this in Fredericks autobiography that shocked the people of the north. This created controversy between the slave states and the non-slave states because the most people in the North were not aware of the treatment the southern slaves were receiving. When they learned the details they were outraged. This again adding to the split between the Northern and southern states.

The details of Fredrick's book were not only a shock because it was still happening, it was also a shock because Maryland, where Frederick lived, was supposed to be a kind slavery state. To have Frederick write so horrible things about the treatment he received in Maryland shocked the people of the north. It also shocked them because if this was the treatment of a nice slave state how were the other slave states treating their slaves. Wm. Lloyd Garrison states that "the treatment of slaves in Maryland, in which State it is conceded that they are better fed and less cruelly treated than in Georgia, Alabama, or Louisiana. Many have suffered incomparably more, while very few on the plantations have suffered less, then himself."

This book also created controversy because it was written by a former slave. Some people could not believe that a former slave would know how to read and write well enough to write his own book with no help. People started to question whether Frederick was really a slave because he had the skills to read and write. This was very controversial because the current expectations of slaves were that they were not intelligent and did not know how to read or write because they were unintelligent. Slave owners did not want there slaves to have these skills so they could keep the system of slavery going. That a slave worked on his own to educate himself and succeeded was a shock to many.

Frederick's book not only attacked slave owners it attacked all who were not doing something to stop slavery. Frederick attacked the Southern slave owners who used Christianity to justify their actions against the slaves. Frederick states that he loves "the pure, peaceable, and impartial Christianity of Christ; I therefore hat the corrupt, slaveholding, women-whipping, cradle-plundering, partial and hypocritical Christianity of this land." Frederick also commented on his disapproval of northern Christianity groups/ churches who did not join the fight against slavery. Frederick's views on Christianity were very thought provoking and brought about much disagreement.

Frederick created a lot of controversy between the non-slave states and the slave states of America. His book supported the Abolitionist's cause and increased the split between the States that would lead to the Civil War and eventually the end slavery in the states. Frederick's book addressed aspects slavery that were not well known to many American citizens. He challenged those who were not fighting against slavery and attacked the one thing that the people of American cared about most, their religion. Frederick did more for the slaves then he would ever see in his own life time. Without the controversy created from Frederick's novel, Slavery might have lasted longer, Frederick was an essential contributor to the fight against slavery.

2008-08-19T09:53:00.000-07:00

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
Heidi Wyman
Part One

The Native American culture thrived in America for many years before the Americans came. In the first six chapters of Dee Brown’s book, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, he describes how the Americans treated the Native Americans and how the Native Americans reacted to this treatment. He tells of treaties the Native Americans had with the Americans and how well these treaties were kept by the Native Americans but not respected by the new Americans. Dee Brown provides many examples of how the United States of America has failed in its treatment of Native Americans.

Dee Brown addresses the Navahos relationship with the Americans in the first part of his book. The Navahos’ were a group of Indian farmers who grew plants and raised animals. The Navahos entered into various peace treaties with the Americans, including one in January of 1861 that stated that both sides would be peaceful to each other. The peace treaty was successful for two years with both the Indians and Americans keeping peace. In 1863, Carleton came across the Navahos land with his army and decided that he wanted to have the land. In June of 1863, the Americans broke the peace treaty by starting a campaign, destroying the Indian troops, burning the Indian homes and capturing their animals. After four months, two parts of the Navahos tribe came to Carleton asking for a peace treaty. Carlton told them they could move to the Bosque Redondo reservation. Three months pass and more Navahos came to ask for peace. Carleton denied them and when the whole tribe came back to ask for peace he told them they could go to the reservation and he would transport them there. The journey to Bosque Redondo was three hundred miles, Carleton sent the first group with enough supplies to get to the reservation with the least amount of people dieing so the rest of the tribe would feel comfortable to leave. Two thousand four hundred Navahos were sent on the second trip to the reservation without all the supplies sufficient for the journey. One hundred ninety seven Navahos died on this trip to the reservation. The third group of Navahos had nine hundred forty six travelers and one hundred and ten died. Once the Navahos got to the camp it did not provide them with the land they needed to grow their crops, keep their animals and survive. The Americans again failed to keep their end of the peace treaty.

The next group of Indians that the Americans made a treaty with were the Santee Sioux. The Sioux had four divisions, the Mdewkantons, Wahpentons, Wahpekutes and Sissetons. Before the civil war, the Americans made a treaty with the Indians promising them annuities for the land they were taking from the Indians. In the ten years after the war, the Americans refused to give the Indians annuities, they took their hunting ground and killed off all of the game and buffalos the Sioux needed for food. The Indians were unhappy and responded to this treatment by fighting the Americans under the leadership of Little Crow. The Sioux were not successful and they were placed on trial by Sibley the leader of the American troop. Six hundred Indian Warriors were placed in jail, three hundred and three Indians were sentenced to death and sixteen Indians were sentenced to long-term prison. After the sentences, there were seventeen hundred Indian women and children that would be transferred to Fort Snelling These Indians were assaulted, stoned and clubbed. When the Indians got to Fort Snelling they were underfed and poorly treated. The Americans used the Santee Sioux’s uprising as and excuse to take their land without any payment, exterminate their military leaders and move the Santee’s to a reservation in Dakota. The Americans again failed to keep their end of the treaty with the Indians.

The American set another peace treaty with the Cheyennes that gave them right to build one road on the Cheyennes land, but the Cheyennes did not surrender any rights to land, fishing and hunting over the road and tracks. There was peace from both sides until the Pike’s Peak Gold Rush. Thousands of Americans fled to the Cheyenne land building forts and then Cities. The Cheyennes came back to the Americans trying to keep peace and give them some of their land but nothing more then they were already on. Again the Americans actions broke treaties they had signed with the Cheyennes.

Another treaty is made with the Cheyennes, stating that both sides will be peaceful. The Indians worked to avoid the American soldiers and keep peace. The Americans attacked Lean Bear as he approached in peace. The Cheyennes move from Fort Lyon and the Americans chase after them attacking them. The Americans attack the Cheyennes at Sand Creek and even though they had a peace flag. The Native Americans at Sand Creek were butchered and mutilated, women and children included. The Indians that were left signed a treaty that gave the Americans their land and agreed to live south of the Arkansas. Again, the Americans forced the Indians to give up their land by repeatedly breaking treaties and violent attacks.

The next American treaty made was with the Plains Indians for peace. An American military leader Connor stated that there would be no chance of peace with the Indians and that he would kill all Indians in his way. Connor came into the Indians land without permission, breaking the treaty, and started to build forts. Connor did not stop with one fort but instead pushed into the Native American territory to build a second, he pushed into the Indians land and eventually attacked the Arapaho camp in the Battle of Tongue River. Indian men, women and children were slaughtered and the village was destroyed. The Indians were able to regroup and push Connor from their land for a short time.

The Americans attempt to make another treaty with the Plains Indians and ask them to come to Fort Laramie. This treaty would be for peace and passage through their territory. The Indians agree to go to Fort Laramie and sign the treaty but when Red Bull gets there and is waiting for the American representatives, they discover that while they are waiting to sign a treaty American soldiers are trying to take their land (the Cheyennes last hunting ground) by force and thus they back out of the treaty. At this point Red Cloud and the Cheyennes join with the leaders from the Arapahos and Sioux to work together against the Americans. They attack repeatedly on the Americans railroads, wagons and anyone who entered their territory. The Indians were successful and when Sherman came they got their hunting grounds back from the Americans for a short period of time.

The Americans repeatedly made treaties with the Indians to make them feel safe and then attacked them to get their land, animals or just to kill them. The Americans justified their action with a term created by Americans Manifest Destiny. This meant that the dominant race would rule the land. The Americans believed that they were the dominant race so they would be able to rule the Indians and all of the land the Indians owned. America has failed in its treatment of Indians, they over and over again made treaties with the Indians and never kept them. Americans fought the Indians when all they wanted was peace, they destroyed them when the Indians never had the proper equipment to protect themselves and fight back. The Americans destroyed their race out of greed, this is complete failure of proper treatment of Native Americans.

2008-08-01T11:51:00.000-07:00

Frederick Douglass or Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey as named at birth, was an African American slave during the 19th century. He had many different masters who all forced him to work usually on the farms or boats. Frederick witnessed and received some of most gruesome beatings and shootings of African American slaves. During his time as a slave, Frederick never knew what abolition meant but he continuously fought for the cause especially after gaining his freedom. Fredericks intention for publishing his life story was to fight against the slavery of the south.

Frederick Douglass' felt his first obligation was to expose the treatment of the slaves to the citizens of the Northern states. Douglass' short book of one hundred and twenty one pages shows many times the cruel treatment the slaves received from their masters. One of the most striking examples Frederick gives is when a man ran into the lake to avoid being whipped. "He had given Demby but few stripes, when to get rid of the scourging, he ran and plunged himself into the creek, and stood there at the depth of his shoulders, refusing to come out." The overseer then "raised his musket to his face, taking deadly aim at his standing victim, and in an instant poor Demby was no more." (1) Douglass felt obligated to tell the people of the north of this outrageous treatment and that no legal action was taken against the overseer. Frederick wanted to inform people that this treatment continues every day in the southern states. Fredericks second reason for writing his book was to prove that he was and had been a slave. When people found out that Frederick knew how to read, write and speak eloquently, they questioned if he had ever been a slave. Frederick states that "People doubted if I had ever been a slave." (1) He felt he needed to tell details of his story to legitimize his messages. He was successful in his task giving those included enough information to verify his life story if they chose. Frederick felt it was very important to tell his story even if it meant he had to flee to Europe for a time.

Frederick's story did not just inform the people of the north, it shocked them, Wm. Lloyd Garrison states that these people were "so profoundly ignorant of the nature of slavery". (1) People of the north acknowledged that the southern states had slaves but they did not know how the slaves were being treated. The people of the north were oblivious to the injustice, exposure to outrages and savage barbarity that the southern slaves were facing. They were also not aware of the scourging, mutilations, branding and banishment of knowledge that the slaves were receiving. "When all the rights of the humanity are annihilated, any barrier remains to protect the victim from the fury of the spoiler." The people of the north were not only shocked because of the treatment of the southern slaves, they were also shocked because it was still happening. In other examples, such as stories from the holocaust, the events are over. Frederick was writing with slavery still going on and with African American people still being beaten. Not only does Frederick write about the slaves still in the southern states he expresses his concern for those slaves. "From that time until now, I have been engaged in pleading the cause of my brethren - with what success and with devotion, I leave those acquainted with my labors to decide." (1)

Frederick Douglass' intent when he wrote his life story was to fight against slavery. Douglass continued to fight against slavery for the rest of his life, writing another book, My Bondage And My Freedom, and working with Lincoln to free the slaves. Frederick was the best fit to lead the abolitionists toward freedom of the African Americans. From the years 1842 to 1844 Frederick made speeches and soon started to publish a news paper for the free African Americans of the North. Gregory Stephens states that "it is Douglass, rather than Lincoln, who represents the Republican Party's most inclusive legacy."(1) Frederick was a great leader to the fight against slavery and his efforts would pay off in the end. Frederick not only participated in the fight against slavery, he took part in fighting for womens rights. He had an important role in the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, where they would take the first step in getting women rights. When he started the fight for womens rights he, started to publish stories in his paper with titles such as "Right is of no sex, truth is of no color."(1)

Frederick was very successful with his autobiography fighting against slavery. Fredericks story shocked all who read it at the time and it continues to educate readers, it made people realize that the slaves of the south were being cruelly treated and that something needed to be done about it. The stories Frederick told were gruesome and new to the people of the north. The world of the nineteenth century was completely different then our world today. Today if things such as slavery were happening in one part of the world it would be on the news and everyone in the world would know about it. However, this doesn't mean the U.S. does anything to help or change these situations. We need motivations to get involved such as Frederick's book. In the nineteenth century, there was no television or news to inform the people of what was going on. Frederick Douglass took on the task of informing and fighting against slavery and was very successful.

Citations
1) Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. New York: Signet Classics, 2005.

Franklin Virtue

2008-07-16T18:22:00.000-07:00

The virtue that I chose was cleanliness. I have chosen to use franklin's definition, tolerate no uncleanliness in the body, cloths, or habitation. I liked his definition because he covered all the bases, cleaning yourself and anything that will affect you. I picked this virtue because I am usually a pretty clean person but this summer with all of my work, summer work, sports and family functions, that has gone out of the window and my room along with other parts of my daily life has become very unclean. I plan to work on this virtue by keeping everything around me clean, making sure that the space I live in has no mess and is very organized so I know where everything is and I will be presented as a person that has it all together. I will make sure that the things I use are put back where I got them so some one else does not have to clean them up. I will clean one part of my clothes and habitation every day.

Saturday-
Today I wake up and do my normal morning duties, take a shower, brush my teeth, comb my hair and put it up and put in my contacts. This starts my clean day off well. My day continues and I participate in a chocolate slip and slide, this was not clean but as soon as it was done I took a shower with extra shampoo to clean off all of the chocolate and to get into clean clothes. I participate in a game of man hunt with the other teenagers at the campground and obtain a grass stain on my pants. I had to go back to the camp to change my pants and wash them so the stain will not be a dark as it could be.

Sunday-
Being at the campground throws off my cleanliness, I have to get up and clean out the tent. This means that I have to take the pillows and blankets from the bed and bring them into the camper to put them under the couch. I had to then take down the air mattress and put it back into the bag. (This is not an easy task, but it keeps it clean.) When that was done I could do my normal morning things, shower brush my teeth and hair ect. We get home and we have to clean out the camper and bring everything inside. Once the camper is cleaned I can go to wal-mart and get the supplies to wash my car. I bring them home and take 2 hours to wash my car.

Monday-
Today I woke up and took a shower, brushed my teeth and hair and put my contacts in. My cousin had stayed the night and I had to pick up the air mattress that she had used. Cleanliness is not only cleaning yourself but cleaning anything that will affect yourself, like this bed in the middle of my floor. It occurred to me that cleanliness of habitat would imply making my bed every morning and I made my bed when I thought about it.

Tuesday-
I wake up and do my morning routine and added making my bed to my routine. I packed in my duffel bag all of the clean clothes that I would need for my sports of the day. I took another shower when returning from the rope swing in Hartland. I had to drive to Laura's house on her dirt road and got my car completely covered in dirt, I had to wash it off when I got home that night. After meeting Laura I changed into my softball clean clothes and then went to the game. After my softball game I had to change into my clean basketball clothes very quickly and play in the game. When the game was over I had to get out of the sweaty clothes and put on clean ones for the baseball game I went to watch.

Wednesday-
I wake up and do not take my shower because we are headed to the beach and I would get very dirty at the beach. When we got to the beach Laura and I set up towels on the sand so we could lay or sit down without getting the sand all over us. I went swimming in the ocean and then dried off on my towel so the sand would fall off me. I took a shower and put on clean clothes so I could ride home. My sister drove my car to the beach today, while I drove with my other siblings in my fathers car. I have to clean out my car from the mess that was made in it. When I get into my room I find another mess of clothes that are still in the laundry basket and dirty clothes that need to be taken down to the wash. I take care of the mess and start the wash.

Thursday-
Again I wake up and do my morning cleaning, shower, brush my teeth and hair, get dressed in clean clothes and make my bed. From the beach there is a lot of sand in my car so my cleaning for today is to vacuum out my car. I noticed that my dirty clothes were getting high and I sorted them and started the washer. That was my cleaning for the day.

Friday-
I got up this morning and had to watch my little brothers, this puts off my morning shower and clean up a little bit. I switched my clothes from the washer to the dryer. When the clothes were done in the dryer I took them to my room and took care of them. I also cleaned my room and the bathroom.

Evaluation-
I think that I did pretty well with my virtue. I cleaned one big part of my body, clothes and habitat on each day. I feel that my virtue is was hard at times and not hard at other times. I found it actually relaxing to clean and be by myself for the time I was cleaning. I also found out that cleanliness has a lot more to it then just picking up after yourself when you are talking about cleanliness in habitat. Many other people can make a mess in your habitat that you have to clean it, like my sister and my car. I also think that I was not always clean, I did not master my virtue. To tolerate no uncleanliness has its hard times, if you fallow it all the time then you will have to miss out on things like the chocolate slip and slide and other fun things. It is impossible to have no tolerance.

Third Week: Touching Spirit Bear

2008-07-13T14:08:00.000-07:00

During Cole's time on the island, he spends a lot of time creating a totem pole to represent the change that is happening within him. Totem poles are an ancient tradition of the Northwest Native American tribes. They depict legends, clan lineages and notable events. They also illustrate stories historic people, represent shamanic people and they provide objects of public ridicule. Some poles represent quarrels, murder and/or debt. Native Americans created totem poles to celebrate cultural beliefs, artistic presentations and mortuaries. Native Americans drew inspiration from things around them such as animals or natural elements. They placed them on the totem pole in order of their importance. Many tribes used the bottom
as the most important. The totem pole was the first thing that people were going to see when they were on the tribes ground therefore the totem pole had to look representable. The tribes chief carver and his apprentice carved the totem poles, the chief would carve the bottom 1o ft and his apprentice would carve the top. The bottom would be of better quality and usually represented the most important event or legend. Cole used the totem pole to represent the change he was making, he used the animals he was seeing on the island to show the lessons he was learning. The most important part of his change was located at the bottom of the totem pole, helping Peter. Cole used the pole to help him change and it became the link to him helping Peter get past Cole beating him and putting him in hospital.

"Native American Totem Poles." 2007. Native Languages of America. 13 July 2008 .

"Native American Totem Poles." Support Native American Art. 2008. 13 July 2008 .

2008-07-12T14:29:00.000-07:00

Authors Intent: A midwife's Tale

Laurel Thatcher Ulrich has a strong background and interest in history. Mrs. Ulrich gained her bachelors degree in history at the University of Utah, her masters in English Literature at Simmons college and her Ph D in history at the University of New Hampshire. Professor Ulrich is now the James Duncan Phillips Professor of Early American History. Her books all center around women and their role in society during Early America. Her love of history and research and interest in exposing the roles of women in early American society have led to interesting nonfiction works enlightening us. Professor Ulrich's main interest in Martha Ballard's diary was to define the role of women in the late 18th early 19th centuries. Her authors intent was to inform and enlighten us of the roles of women in Hallowell, Maine and their workings in the community.

Ulrich's first book was titled Good Wives, this book explained the role of "good' wives in traditional society. Ulrich was striving to provide insight on the lives of early American women in New England, she used court records, probate records, family papers, diaries of men, church records and contents of ministerial sermons to show the roles of women in early America. This book led Laurel Ulrich to search for more data related to women and early American history and she stumbled upon Martha's diary in the Maine state library. This let her to petition for the support of the National Endowment for the Humanities to allow her to study and interpret Martha's Diary. Professor Ulrich saw studying Martha's diary as a connection between past work and future work. Professor Ulrich's planned a two month study of the diary which turned into an 8 year dissection of Martha's diary that turned into A Midwife's Tale.

Professor Ulrich had many intents while writing this book. Her first intent was to examine an old and detailed diary that had not yet been used to its full potential. James E. North quoted a few passages from Martha's diary but he did not focus on the female aspects presented in the diary. The diary was partially neglected because of North's excerpts chosen for the History of Augusta. Professor Ulrich intended to provide us with a valuable exhibit of everyday life of the 18/19 century. Her book would show how the little town of Hallowell functioned from when Martha moved to Hallowell 1785 to Martha's death in 1812.

In her first book Good Wives, Professor Ulrich had a hard time finding women's writings and accounts from the early New England time period. Thus making it harder to write her book. When she started to research Martha's diary, she was amazed at the amount of material in it. She states that "Martha's diary is an unparalleled document in early American history." and that it is "powerful in part because it is so difficult to use". Ulrich's initial intention was to have a short paper that would connect her current writing and her future writing, that would only take her the summer. As she started to read and dissect Martha's diary, her intent changed from just being a short connecting paper to a book that would explain the daily life of early Maine.

Ulrich's intention was not to publish Martha's diary or to make a substitute for Martha's diary but to interpret the diary for twentieth century readers. With this intent Ulrich had to do additional research looking at wills, tax lists, deeds, court records, medical treatises, novels, and fragmentary papers of Maine physicians. With this research and Martha's diary, Ulrich was able to create a book about the womens role in the 18th/19th centuries with great support from Martha's records. It gives us insight into the community from a woman's view and an idea of women's daily life in this time period. Professor Ulrich was successful at defining the role of women in the late 18th early 19th century.

2008-07-07T18:51:00.000-07:00

There are certain basic parts to being a community, parts that every community should have whether it is successful or not. A community starts with providing a safe place to live. Safety usually stems from some sort of organization, law or community rules that allow people to successfully get along and live together. A more successful community would include developing friendships, social relations such as barn raisings and dances and developing groups which people interact with such as churches, clubs or community centers. These other activities may mean that you have a bigger community not necessarily a more successful community.

In the late 18th early 19th century town of Hallowell, a high percentage of the people worked to make a successful community. Almost every person in the town had a part in the community, whether they were the midwife traveling to all of the homes tending to the sick and delivering babies or the women working together to make quilts and textiles. Trying to create a successful community played a larger role in the lives of the citizens of Hallowell, Maine in the late 18th and early 19th centuries than today. Martha Ballard shows many examples of this in her diary.

First, Martha talks many times of the women of the town attending the births of other women to assist the new mother. The women attending did not have to have any relation to the mother to be, they simply wanted to lend their help and knowledge to a community member. Martha noted this several times throughout her diary, " The babe weighted 11 pounds Sally Cleark & Preuda Snow came at evening, there all night." , "Pruda helpt wash Sally assisted. She tarried all night." (1, pg 314) During most childbirth today, the people that assist the mother in the hospital are usually family members and close friends along with the doctor that is delivering the baby. Other community members from where the women lives do not attend the mother during delivery.

A second example Martha discusses is how citizens work together to help each other out. When the Ballard mill had burned, she explains that the men came to help and the women prepared for the dance that would fallow the finishing of the mills. "The working men came to begin the framing.", "We raised the saw mill fraim Mr. Marsh & Thomas were hurt. The business otherways done with safety.", "The young folks had a dance at evening, dispersed at midnight." (1, pg 71) The people of Hallowell came together to help a man in need of a mill and successfully built one. This kind of help was common during Martha's time, she talks of other times when barns had burned or were needed and the Hallowell town came together to help rebuild/build the barn. Martha referred to these as barn raisings. Today when a barn burns the town goes out to watch but no one thinks about helping to rebuild the barn, we hire a contractor. The occurrence of a community coming together to rebuild a home does happen rarely and many times it is for tv publicity.

A third example is seen throughout Martha's diary, she talks about dressing and preparing members of the community that have died. Martha and other midwife's who tend to the sick and dying, wash the bodies and put on the burial clothes when they die. "I went to Doct Colmans at 1 hour pm. His child expird at 4. I put on the grave cloaths and tarried till 7. " (1, pg 72) "Shee departed this life about 1 pm. I asisted to lay her out." (1, pg 39) When a person dies today they are sent to a mortician, who cleans prepares the body and makes the body presentable to family and friends. This job is usually done by one man who preforms this duty by himself for many years, not the community as a whole. Martha's examples show the difference in importance of a community in the lives of people in the late 18th early 19th century and the lives of people today.

Martha's diary gives us a final example revolving around citizens trading trading in the community. People within the Hallowell community frequently traded goods and services to help their neighbors and themselves. "Mrs Savage here. Shee has spun 40 double skeins for me since April 15th and had 2 bushl of ashes & some phisic for James... I let her have skein of lining wrap. The whole is 6/ X", "Called at Daughter Lambards. Brot 6 lbs 3/4 veal from her. Lafaett Ploughd the S end of our field." Martha and Daughter Lambard have traded veal for a plowed field. Today our primary way of obtaining what we need is to use money as payment, their is very little trading of goods for services, goods for goods, etc. in our communities.

Today the size of our communities is much larger then the size of the Hallowell community. With so little people in Hallowell, most folks knew all of the people that live around them and and in the grater community of Hallowell. The people in this community was very dependent on other to get through daily life. Members of the community depended on Martha to help them get better and to deliver their babies while Martha depended on Sally and other housekeepers to keep her house clean. The towns and communities of today are mostly much larger then the small town of Hallowell in the 1700's. We do not depend on the members of our town to take care of us in bad health or to clean our homes, like the members of the Hallowell community. The size of Hallowell directed the members to be a community that worked together to get through daily life. The size of our towns and communities today give us the choice to be part of our community or not.

In Martha's time a higher percentage of people made building and maintaining a community an important part of their lives. Today being a part of building and maintaining a community is more of a choice. You can live and function in a town/community and choose not to be a part of the community activities or you can take action and be a part of the community. This was not true in Hallowell, Maine in the 18th and 19th century. To survive you had to have community connections to get weaving, food, a home built, etc. Today developing and improving our community does not seem to be such a high priority for everyone.

Source
1) Ulrich, Laurel T. A Midwife's Tale. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

2008-07-06T20:56:00.000-07:00

Cole in start of this section gets attacked by a bear and gains nerve damage in his arm. I was interested in how much the muscle damage would effect him when he was back on the island building his own shelter and fending for himself. There are three types of nerve injury, neurapraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis. In a neurapraxia injury the nerve stays intact with the nerve fibers having an interruption in the condition of communication. This type of nerve damage can be fully recovered. In a axonotmesis injury there is damage to the neuronal axon, the nerve communication to the brain and its protective shield. This type of injury can paralyze the motion and feeling in the area and is only fully recoverable if surgery is preformed soon after the damage is done. In a neurotmesis nerve injury there is damage to the neuronal axon and also cutting off the connection to the tissue, disrupting the structure of the nerve. Motion and feeling is completely lost and the nerve is completely divided causing permanent damage that is not often fixable. Cole's damage from the description in the book is most like axonotmesis nerve injury, he has motion in the arm and he can feel it but it did not fully recover all of the motion and feeling. This injury will make it hard for Cole to build his new shelter when he must reach over his head with his weak arm. Cole's injury will give him trouble for the rest of the book.

2008-06-30T16:47:00.000-07:00

What role of family dynamic did women play in the late 18th early 19th century Maine?

The main role of women during the late 18th early 19th century was to be a neighbor. Being a neighbor in the 18th century is not like being a neighbor of today. Being a neighbor of that time included being a midwife, weaver, dressmaker, keeping your house and continuing to keep the community alive and striving. Women were not included in the economic business of the town unless they owned a shop that sold dresses or other products that they had woven. However they provided services and were paid for those services with money or goods that benefited their family economics. The womens role in the 18th century centered around their neighbors and home lives. The womens role is described well in A Midwife's Tale, The Life of Martha Ballard by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich.

Martha Ballard showed that women had many jobs. Hers included midwife, healer, mother, weaver, book keeper and keeping her house. During her career as midwife, she preformed 814 deliveries in Hallowell, Maine. Being a midwife was not just a simple job of preforming deliveries but also as a healer she tended to all of the neighbors wounds, illnesses and sores, even through the hardest times of the year when the snow was up to your knees in a blizzard. Martha provides us with many examples of her struggles through the snow and river. "1,2,3,4,5 At Mr Parkers 5 days. At Mr Parkers. His Lady is about house. The river is difficult to pass." (1) This entry from Martha's diary shows that she was forced to stay at the Parker house because the river was half frozen, to much ice to take a boat across and not enough ice to walk across. Martha made many deliveries with minimal losses, she reported every delivery she attend or preformed. "At Whites. His wife was delivered at 12 O Clok of a daughter and I was Called back to Mr Parkers. His Lady was deliverd at 0 hour 30 minutes of a daughter. I am some fatagud." (1) In this one example Martha delivered two separate children for two different families the Whites and the Parkers. Midwifes not only attended and preformed deliveries they also tended to all of their neighbors and family members in times of illness. " At Mr Hinkleys. Shee remaind poorly till afternoon then by remedys & other means shee got Easyer. I tarried all night" (1) Martha also mentions the names of other neighbors whom are midwifes attending deliveries, showing that there were a number of women in the town that were midwifes or ladies who came to help during deliveries. These activities were important parts of women's roles at the time. Martha's diary tells us that the job of midwife and healing was an important job of women in the late 18th early 19th centuries.

A second role of women was creating textiles through weaving, knitting and dressmaking. The women in the town weave all the products for the town for their own use for income or for payment of deeds. Martha and all of her daughter weaved for themselves and others. "Dolly wove her 7 yds of Diaper.", "Dolly warpt a piece for Mrs Pollard of 39 yards.", "Hannah began to weave Cyrus' web", " I have been at home knitting". (1) Hannah, Dolly and Martha spend their time knitting and weaving for others only when they have been married do they make themselves blankets. "The girls quilted a two quilts.... They began to quilt at 3 hour pm. Finished and took it out at 7 evening." " The next day they put the quilt into the fraim." The ladies in the town used weaving knitting and dressmaking as a form of payment. When Martha would deliver a baby or provide neighbors with medical help she would receive a variety of items for payment such as, " 7/6 reward" " shee made me a present of 1/2 lb Souchong Tea." Knitting, Weaving and Dressmaking is the second role of women in the late 18th early 19th centuries. This is seen in the diary through Martha's discussion of textiles produced by her family.

A third role of 18th / 19th century women as neighbors was to raise their children, keep their house which often included book keeping. Martha was a midwife and a weaver but foremost she was a mother, raising her children. Martha taught her children how to weave. Which was a trade that would help them earn money as well as provide needed textiles for their family. When Martha's daughters married the journal repeatedly mentions the girls quilting, "The girls quilted a Bed quillt 7 went to Mr. Craggs spent Eveng." (1) and "The girls quilted two quilts. Hannah Rockwood & Mrs. Benjamin helpt the Evening." (1)

Martha had another job as a women, she had to keep the house. She gives a variety of examples of this throughout her diary, " A rainy day, I have been at home kniting.", "Pikt green peas in our gardin," and " I combd flax." In keeping the house Martha was pushed into her last job as book keeper. Martha kept the records of all of her earnings and spendings in a separate book from her diary, while also using diary. Martha was a consistent record keeper, in her diary she recorded all of the deliveries she preformed, the condition of the mother and child when she left and if they had paid their fees to her. She used a system of XX to show that the delivery was paid for, whether they paid it that day or three years later. Motherhood, house keeping and book keeping are important jobs of 18th and 19th century women.

The women of the late 18th early 19th centuries had many roles in being a neighbor. Neighbors of this time preformed medical assistance as a midwife, produces textiles and took care of their homes and families. Although it was not common knowledge, Martha's diary shows that women were an essential part of the economics and keeping the society connected. Their payment for their services enhanced their families lives. Martha often received a variety of payments that benefited her family. "I have been at home. Recievd 1/2 Bushel of rie of Captain Hersey as reward for asisting his lady." (1) All of the roles of the 18th and 19th century women were essential to family and community life.

Source:
Ulrich, Laurel T. A Midwife's Tale. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

Response: Week one

2008-06-30T05:54:00.000-07:00

The two unknown words that interested me the most were the circle of justice and spirit bear. The circle of justice is a great idea, it plays with the idea of working with all who have been hurt to find a punishment other then jail. The punishment takes into consideration what will help the person the most. The circle plays a huge role in the book, they review Cole's crime and decide that prison would not be helpful to him, it would have just increased his anger and they sent him to a exclusive island by himself. The circle is just a great idea for juveniles. The spirit bear also interested me because I had not thought of researching the meaning behind it. The spirit bear plays a major role in the recovery of Cole and his journey to forgiveness and helping Petter. I think that it is interesting that the spirit bear was not a legend of the Tlingit tribe, the circle has sent Cole away to the island in a Tlingit tradition and they use a bear from a different culture, that a little bit different you would think they would choose something from the same culture. These two choices of unknown subjects interested me the most with the content of the book.

English 11: Week 1: Tlingit Indians

2008-06-29T13:59:00.000-07:00

Two of the people first introduced in this book, Garvey and Edwin, are part of the Tlingit Indian tribe. I have no previous knowledge of this tribe so I made my first post about them. In all of the sites that I looked at they all supported the Tlingit tribe being from Alaska and mainly Southeast Alaska. This is seen in the book on the first page with Cole being sent to and exclusive island in Southeast Alaska as a punishment. The Tlingit tribe has mainly lived by the ocean for their whole existence. They find their main food source in the ocean whether it is fish from the sea and near by streams and rivers to the sea mammals. Many of the Tlingit members build their houses closed to the rivers and streams so they have the salmon in the water and close to them for fishing. The Tlingit Indians not only spent their time fishing and gathering food, they also worked on building their homes and canoes, making baskets and carving totem poles. The Indians obtained the wood to build and create all of these goods with the trees in their own back yard. (because I started and finished this book today i know that the totem poles will carry a very important role in this book with Petter and Cole) The Tlingit heirlooms represent the ancestors of the clan and they are mainly animals that the ancestors have came in contact with. The heirlooms are used in rituals to honor their ancestors. In the rituals there are many dances that represent different things such as animals or emotions of the tribe. (Again this will connect with the book with Cole and his dances of the animals) The Tlingit culture believed that the bear signified the relationship between animals and humans, because of their belief in this close relation the Tlingit Indians rarely killed bears.

Sources
"The Tlingit Nation." Native American People/Tribes. Apr. 2005. 29 June 2008 .

"The Tlingit of the Northeast Coast." American Indians in the Natural World. 1998. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 29 June 2008 .

"Tlingit." Feb.-Mar. 2000. 29 June 2008 .

2008-06-12T03:43:00.000-07:00

The American Revolution
Heidi Wyman

6-12-08

When looking at a Revolution we consider what battles occurred, who led those battles and who won the battles, we do not always consider what was required of the leadership qualities needed to make the revolution possible. We don't consider the need of collaboration between leaders that it takes to create a revolution. The American Revolution had many leaders, including George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison who all worked together. These men had many qualities that when all put together got us through the war, revolution and into a working constitution of laws.

One of the qualities required of a leader during a war is the ability to speak in public and to persuade people. John Adams shows his speaking and persuasive abilities in the Continental Congress meetings. In the first Continental Congress, Adams addresses the issue of independence from Britain, has a strong argument but takes it a little too personal. Adams recognizes his mistake and creates a stronger argument that persuades the majority of the Continental Congress members to agree to a war to gain their independence. Part of John Adams tactic was to appoint George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. This gave Adams the support from all those who supported Washington. Joseph Ellis describes Adams as "the indefatigable orator of independence in the Continental Congress". Adams was not the only founding father with this trait; Madison also had the ability to persuade people. Jefferson said he was against running for president after Washington had been in office. However, Madison was very persistent and persuasive and talked Jefferson into running for president under one condition; Jefferson was to know nothing about his campaign and he would deny it if he was ever asked. Once Jefferson was in office, Madison had great influence over all of Jefferson's choices. Although he could persuade Jefferson, Madison realized that Jefferson was the superior figure in their relationship and let Jefferson know that he realized that in a letter to Jefferson. "I shall always receive your commands with pleasure," Madison wrote to Jefferson in 1794, "and shall continue to drop you a line as occasions turn up." (1) This quality of persuasion was essential because the leaders needed to convince people to take action and revolt against status quo, and to get others to do what was needed.

Another trait of a successful leader is commitment. Commitment is choosing a cause or position and completely supporting it and remaining loyal to your positions/belief. The founding father who was the most dedicated to one cause through the revolution is John Adams. John Adams spent his entire life committed to the American Revolution. Adams made American independence his life's project. Adams first step to helping America gain Independence is his help leading the opposition against the Stamp Act. This was just one of the contributions Adams made to the American Revolution. From 1765 on, Adams joined the opposition party to every aspect of British acts on the American Colonies. Adams was so dedicated to his cause he was in a fight with his cousin Samuel Adams whom did not support the revolution. His next move was to lobby for Washington to head the Continental Army and he selected Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. These two choices were to lock in Virginia’s support for the American Revolution. In 1777, Adams was sent to join Franklin in Paris to convince the French to join the colonies effort for independence from Britain. Adams worked out a peace treaty with France that would end the War with Britain. Adams went on to become the vice president and the president of the United States. For Adams, "American Independence became his ministerial calling, a mission he pursued with all the compressed energy of a latter-day Puritan pastor whose congregation was the American people." (1) This was a very important trait because to gain followers people have to trust/see that you are committed, believe in the cause and then are influenced to believe themselves.

A good leader must have good character. A leader with good character includes, being honest, caring, courageous and respectful. George Washington was the ideal man to show this quality. "Honor mattered because character mattered. And character mattered because the fate of the American experiment with republican government still required virtuous leaders to survive."(1) Washington was a very caring, honest and respectful man. Washington's biggest moment of good character was his retirement. George Washington had two main reasons for retiring from office, first, Washington was getting negative press and conversation and Washington was very hurt by this. The talk was addressing the issue of him trying to become a King. Washington simply replied that "these attacks, unjust and unpleasant as they are, will occasion no change in my conduct; nor will they work any other effect in my mind." (1) This quote from Washington makes you have great respect for him, he is telling in a subtle the people that their comments about him are incorrect and that if they keep publishing them then it will not affect him. Washington also had another reason for retiring from office, he did not want to set the precedent of the president dieing in office. Washington wanted to make a difference between the American government and the European monarchies. He wanted to convey the message "that presidents, no matter how indispensable, were inherently disposable."(1) Character was a very important quality during the Revolution and development of the new government. The people of the colonies had to believe in and support leaders and new government and wanted leaders with strong character.

Leaders during the time of the revolution also had to be sneaky, self serving and ruthless. Jefferson was the man who had no heart; he was never any one persons friend and was always worried about himself. This is best seen with his relationship with Washington. When Washington made a speech about the Whiskey Rebellion being a threat to the authority of the Federal government and sent the militia to control the rebellion, Jefferson went against his speech. Washington and Jefferson had been on safe terms with each other until this event. Jefferson began to mock Washington's speeches saying they were “shreds of stuff from Aesop's fables and Tom Thumb." and that Washington himself was "an unknowing and somewhat pathetic accomplice, like an overages "captain in his cabin" who was sound asleep while "rogue of a pilot (presumably Hamilton)" has run them into an enemy's port." Jefferson would speak these issues with his fellow Republicans. Eventually these statements got back to Washington, hurting him. Jefferson was very sneaky with his ways of distributing his thoughts on Washington and had only one thing in mind while he was spreading these ideas. Jefferson wanted to get Washington out of office so he could become the president. This trait is definitely not an admirable one but it at times was one necessary when trying to become a leader.

The most important quality of a leader is the ability to collaborate with others. The American Revolution was essentially the result of five great leaders collaborating to further the movement away from Britain, towards independence. There were many great collaborators during the American Revolution. One group to collaborate was Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. These three men, although not friends, came together at a dinner to discuss their issues. James Madison wanted the capitol of the colonies moved to the Potomac Valley; Hamilton did not support this choice. Alexander Hamilton wanted his plan of assumption to pass, while Madison was against this idea and spoke frequently of his dislike of the plan. Jefferson was in essence the peace maker of this situation. Jefferson was successful at getting these two men together to create a political bargain of great significance; Madison agreed to keep quiet about his disagreement with the assumption plan and in return Hamilton agreed to use his influence to get the capitol built in the Potomac Valley. This collaboration was one of the greatest; not only did these men collaborate to create the plan of agreement they followed through with their plan and the assumption act was passed and the capitol was moved to the Potomac Valley.

Another example of collaboration was George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. This was fundamentally the best and most effective collaboration of the whole Revolution. The collaboration started when John Adams strategically lobbied for George Washington to head the Continental army and hand picked Thomas Jefferson to write the Deceleration of Independence. The first part of this collaboration gained the support from Virginia and the surrounding states, for the Revolution. This collaboration in the Continental Congress led to George Washington and the Continental army defeating the British, gaining the independence for the colonies. This collaboration also led to the writing and signing of the Declaration of Independence the formally declared colonial Independence.

A third great collaboration in the Revolution was James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. These two men were opposites; Madison was less sweeping in his intellectual style, more careful and precise, the prose to Jefferson's poetry, Jefferson was temperamentally different then Madison, he was ruthless and did not care what people thought and he was never clam. These differences made the Madison-Jefferson collaboration smooth and silently effective. Jefferson and Madison bonded together to help Virginia, the Revolution and to bring Jefferson to presidency. In this relationship, Madison did not have the reputation of Jefferson and could not run himself so he did all of the dirty work to allow Jefferson to become president. Once Jefferson is president; Madison is not in office but still has great influence over a president. Madison wanted to give Jefferson no chance to protest against running for the succession of Washington.

All of the qualities were important to creating a revolution and establishing a new government. However, the American Revolution would not have happened without collaboration between the leaders of the time. It took the effort of Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, Washington and Adams to create the biggest change the colonies would ever face. Although the interaction/relationships were not always pleasant or even friendly, the collaborations and relationships worked as a whole to get the colonies through a war, revolution and the making of the laws.

Citations

1.) Ellis, Joseph J. Founding Brothers. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.

2008-05-13T18:01:00.000-07:00

War or No War?

Heidi Wyman

5-14-08

Abstract: In this essay I will use a form of propaganda to persuade you to go to war with Britain. I will use Wikipedia, Nokomis Honors 10 class notes and USHistory.org. This is important because the American Revolution would not have happened based just on the British Acts themselves. It was the propaganda that persuaded most of the people to consent to the American Revolution.

I, Maximum Unrepresented, write to you about our current standing with the British. We have come to a fork in the road, we must choose do we work to make peace or do we go to war? The answer is simple, to me we must fight to defend our honor, our rights and to obtain independence. I know you loyalists would argue that we need to stay on good terms with the fellow British people, but why are you living so far away from Britain if you want to live just like them. It is only natural for a colony so far away from its homeland to want independence.

The British have violated us to many times over the past few years, starting with the Stamp Act. The British have decided to place a tax on all of our newspapers, pamphlets, and other public and legal documents. These articles are all required to have either a stamp or British seal on them. This was only the first of all the taxes and acts the British planned to enforce upon us. The British want money back from the Seven Years War and decided that the we would have to pay our debt one way or another. The British then inflicted the Sugar(molasses,wine) act upon us. Not only did we have to pay a tax on our paper, we have to pay a three cent tax on all foreign refined sugar. The British have also increased tax on coffee, indigo and certain kinds of wine. We were already in a state of economic depression because of the British and now we have to pay a three cent tax to print our beliefs and to put sugar in our coffee or tea.

The British have closed the port of Boston of "landing and discharging, loading or shipping, of goods, wares, and merchandise" until such time as restitution was made to the king's treasury. Paying them back for all that we have lost is an absurd concept. This closed off all of the Massachusetts connections with any foreign trade. It also reduced the Massachusetts supplies greatly, leaving them with very little to live off. This act drew help from sister colonies and we ask for that help again for a final attack on Britain. They then decide that we were not capable of choosing our own leaders and passes an acts stating that they have the right to pick the leaders of the colonies. With this act they have completely take away our say in things that are going to happen to us. They are becoming more in control of us every act they pass.

The British did not just stop at these four acts, they wanted to control everything that we do. They tell us that we must house and feed British soldiers, under the Quartering Act. Not only are the British attacking our economy, they are making it personal attacks on our colonists. These British soldiers do not have any respect for the people they are living with and take advantage of them and their children. Our economy has taken another hit with these men in our homes, we must provide them with food that has been taxed by the British government, decreasing the amount of money we have to provide our own homes with food. The British have passed an act stating that they, "had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America...in all cases whatsoever." This act has provided the British with the power to make new acts that control our every move, we will have no rights to do anything they do not want us to do, if we let them continue.

The British have made several attacks personally on Massachusetts. First the British soldiers killed 5 colonial men in the Boston Massacre, and when on trial these men got a slap on the hand for their killing, by only getting their thumbs branded and then they were set free. This is not justice for what Boston had to suffer in that fight. Us as Colonies have to join together to fight for what we think is right, our independence. We have to stand against the British Government and declare war to obtain what our ancestors came to colonies for.

WE MUST STOP THE BRITISH FROM:

- Over taxing with no representation

- Inflicting huge consequences

- Destroying our economy

- Choosing our leaders

- Housing British soldiers in our homes

- Making our laws

- Splitting apart the colonies

- Expanding Westward

- Taking away our Independence

Sources

http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/sugaractdef.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts

http://www.ushistory.org
http://www.loyalamericanregiment.org/propaganda.htm

http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter2000/loyalists.html

2008-04-14T19:40:00.000-07:00

Dear Posterity,

America has there leaders. They provide them with great structure some times, but at other times they put their people in grave danger. These leaders lead them to the Iraq war. During the flourish of war they have lost many citizens of which they can never bring back and spent wasteful dollars that need never be spent. The American soldiers see war as something only needed when it is extremely necessary, while the leaders are encouraging war under false pretences. Our leaders are simply just the most oil-thirsty of mankind.

AT the current time, America is at war with Iraq. There have been many men killed during the 6 years we have been at war with Iraq and current Americans ask why the war was started? Bush must have been protecting us when he launched attacks against a country he himself stated had nothing to do with the terrorist attacks on September 11Th. But the death of three thousand American citizens needed retaliation. We will start the war on suspicion, but no evidence of, "weapons of mass destruction" and we wont take into account the trillion dollar oil reservations they plan to build in Iraq or the current oil reserves we wished to acquire from Iraq. We depend on oil like an alcoholic depends on his drink. We have the right to blast into their country and kill the majority of their people because they don't have weapons of mass destruction. We state that we are staying in this country to restore structure and government, to bring them to a democracy. My advice is not being taken into consideration of, a penny saved is a penny earned. We are not taking into account the predicted three thousand dollars this war is going to cost the country and its people. We are also not taking into account that we are spending this money in a country that is not appreciating our help towards democracy. Should we be worried about the near future or the future of posterity?

America was hit on September 11, 2001, with a terrorist attack that killed three thousand citizens. This attack would not be left unpunished and we declared war against Iraq. The leaders of our country told us we were going to war because Iraq had "weapons of mass destruction". Now we say weapons of mass destruction where? Not there. Evidence provided showed us that our leaders knew that there were no weapons that could hurt the United States, yet we still declared war. I being an honest man do not support this trickery. We enter their country and we don't find any weapons, but we stay there and decided that we will take over there form of government and change it to a democracy. Was this the effort to maintain a close watch on the oil production in Iraq or for the good of Iraq citizens? We will never know.

Now we pose the question of how long we are going to be there? Our leaders have set us up to stay in this war for many more years. Our upcoming leaders also believe in staying in the war. What are we going to win from this war? A country that despises us for destroying them and killing many of their people. What is the value of this war for America. My advice to you is to be always employed in something useful, cut off all unnecessary actions.

"There was never a good war or a bad peace"

B. Franklin

2008-03-26T04:13:00.000-07:00

2008-03-21T19:14:00.000-07:00

Time line of change
Heidi Wyman
3-20-08

Abstract: In this paper, I will show how the contact between the Native Americans and Europeans between the founding of Jamestown and the outbreak of the American Revolution constituted a continuous cultural revolution for the Native Americans. I will support this thesis using The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson. This theses is important because it shows how the Europeans really changed the lifestyle of the Native Americans.

Contact between Native Americans and Europeans between the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776 constituted a continuous cultural revolution for Native Americans. The Europeans had such an impact on the Native Americans that it caused great change in their religion, culture, tools and trade. These changes either killed the Native Americans or brought them closer to the European culture. Although the Europeans had a huge impact on the Native Americans, there were some aspects of the Native American life that they could not change.

Trade has been a major part of the relation between the Native Americans and Europeans, it was the basis for there interaction and relationship. The Native Americans started trading with French settlers in the 1500's trading fur from fox, marten, mink and otter, for tools and weapons from the French. This trade changed the Native American culture by the introducing of weapons that were not hand made from natural materials. Prior to this Native Americans relied on what htey could produce from their own environment. When the Jamestown settlers came, the Native Americans trading was altered again. Native Americans were no longer just trading fur but also fresh meat, maize, berries, other foodstuffs and beaver pelts with the Europeans. The Native Americans traded their goods for cloth, trinkets, iron tools and utensils. This altered the Native American culture because they were no longer just hunting food for themselves, they were also hunting the food they needed to trade to gain European goods. A move away from only hunting what they needed to survive. The Native Americans saw this trade as a ceremonial gift exchange that allowed them to bring the Europeans into their world of equality. For the Europeans, these ceremonial gifts made for a very profitable international trade. The trading of tools led Native tribes who were not trading with the Europeans to fear those who were. Trading meant new weapons for those who were trading, this put the tribes who were not trading in danger. The nature of trading again changed when the Pilgrims came. The Native Americans would trade their surplus of land, fur and pelts for the Pilgrims steel blades, farming tools, trim clothing, warm blankets, glass and metal containers and ornaments. At the time of the Pequot war, the Native Americans stopped trading with the Europeans and relied on other countries for trade. As more and more settlers came to America, there were more groups of settlers from different countries to trade with. This was beneficial to the Native Americans because it gave them a constant source of people to trade with. If they went to war with a group, they would shift their trade to another. At first, some of the trade was helpful for the settlers. They needed help from the Native Americans to learn about the their new environment and primarily to trade food for survival in the beginning. However, soon the Native Americans were a large group of people to trade with for profit, and trade was used to manipulate tribes to get land. The Europeans also used trade to kill the Native Americans. James Wilson show us this in his book The Earth Shall Weep in an example of retaliation from the English on the Native Americans. " In response, Amherst resolved to 'punish the delinquents with entire destruction,' instructing that 'no prisoners' should be taken and initiating a primitive kind of germ warfare with the order 'to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes.'" [5] The English attempt was successful they "gave them smallpox-infected blankets from the fort hospital as a token of esteem." [5] The small pox would spread through the tribe killing all of their people. This weakened the tribe so their land could be taken.

The Native American were a group of people who survived off the land and with a religion that focused primarily on nature. They had many traditions and ceremonies in their religion. These traditions and ceremonies honor certain times of the year and their gods. Ceremonies include "feasts, music, dances and other performances" [4 ] by the tribes. Another part of Native American religion before the Europeans, include symbolism that represent certain ideas, characteristics and spirits of the tribe. Animals were often used for these symbols. Native Americans religion was based on oral myths that are passes down from one religion to another explaining how their society had come to be. Some Native American Tribes lived together in one house, these tribes would work as one and are all equal. When Jamestown came to be, it changed the culture of the Native Americans. Native Americans started to use tools from the Europeans changing their way of living off the land. Most of the Jamestown settlers were Christians and they wanted to convert the Indians to Christianity. They were partially successfully and some Native Americans converted into the European ways and were put in Praying Towns. They were taught the English language and had English schooling. The settlers realized that not many of the Indians wanted to convert to their culture and they started to push them from their land. Again, altering the Native American culture by stripping them of the land they were once a part of. Trade with the Jamestown settlers effected the tribes they were trading with and other tribes around them. The metal tools being traded affected enemies and neighbours who were at a disadvantage because they did not have the new tools. When an outbreak of small pox swept through the Native American tribes, many Native Americans converted to Christianity because the Europeans were not getting sick. James Wilson gives and example of this in his book The Earth Shall Weep, he states that the Native Americans " interpreted the epidemics as a proof of the Europeans' greater spiritual power.... This belief in the newcomers' religious potency - reinforced by the fact that so few Europeans seemed to be affected by the Epidemics - led to a number of deathbed conversions to Christianity." They believed that their culture was pleasing their god and he was rewarding them because of their behavior. However of course this was an inaccurate belief as the Europeans had an immunity to small pox having nothing to do with pleasing a god. The Native American lives were again changed when the Pilgrims came to America. The Indians now would work with the tools provided from the Pilgrims, pulling them farther away from there original tradition of simply just living off the land. The Pilgrims again made the attempt to convert the Indians to Christianity. They were more successful then the Jamestown settlers but again not completely successful. The Native Americans had a positive relationship with the Pilgrims causing them to adapt and change their culture to work with the Pilgrims culture. The Native Americans now learned part of the English language and culture. Their stories and Myths were more and more becoming like the English Myths and stories. The next major change in the Native American culture and religion came with the Pequot wars. These wars pushed the Native Americans to establish a form of currency. The Native Americans had a great loss and realized that the only way of surviving was to accept and mold to the European culture. This again made their religion and culture more and more like the Europeans. These were the major changes in the Native American culture during the time between the Jamestown settlement and the American Revolution caused by the English Europeans.

During the late 1600's and early 1700's the Hotinonshonnie, a League of Five ( later six) Nations, were changed by the French and British settlers. The Hotinonshonnie had peace treaties and traded with the French. In 1636 because of contact with the French, the tribe got a disease which killed at least half of the Hotinonshonnie tribes. This disease killed both the elderly, who contained the knowledge of the tribe, and the young who were the future of the Hotinonshonnie. The French tried to change the Hotinonshonnie by attempting to split the 5 nations. This was unsuccessful and the Hotinonshonnie people converted to Catholicism and moved to French missions in Canada. Not only were the Hotinonshonnie creating peace with the French, they were in good relation with the British and the English. Their culture was changing again as they learned to manipulate the settlers around them. They used the French against the British to keep their peace treaty. The positive relation between the British and Native Americans helped them maintain their culture as long as they could.

Even though the Europeans greatly influenced the Native Americans there were some aspects of their culture that the Europeans could not change. The first cultural aspect that was unchanged by the Europeans was sacred ceremonial cycle and other aspects of the Native American traditional life. [5] James Wilson tell us that Skanyadariyon, a Native American leader, was able to reserve these rights for the Native Americans through a new code, the Gai'wiio or good message. [5] Today we see this still in the Native Americans who have been forced onto reservations, they still work to maintain their beliefs from their traditional life. The second cultural aspect of Native American life that did not change was their leadership. Through this time period the Native Americans never became citizens of the King, they kept their traditional leadership and social structure with everyone staying equal. A third aspect of the Native American culture that remained unchanged was their oral history. Native Americans never had a form of writing and always learned their history from their elders who carried their oral history. They maintained this practice throughout this time period. We would have known more about the Native Americans point of view if their experiences had been documented by them. Although the Europeans caused revolution for the Native Americans, these aspects listed above remained unchanged leaving us with a picture of how the first people of America lived.

Sources
1.http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h27-am.html
2.http://emayzine.com/lectures/furtrade.html
3. http://www.pcmaf.org/fur_trade.htm

4.http://www.indians.org/articles/native-american-religion.html

5. Wilson, James. The Earth Shall Weep. New York: Grove P, 1998. 1-131.

2008-03-04T18:16:00.000-08:00

Jamestown Vs. Plymouth
Heidi Wyman
2-4-08

Abstract: This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between the Jamestown and Plymouth/Massachusetts colonies interactions with the Native Americans. I will source Wikipedia, The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson and Encarta. This topic is very important because these similarities and differences led to how we see the founders of our country.

When looking at the foundation of America, we look at the Pilgrims. We see a group of people who traveled from England to form a new world where they were free from English rule. We see these people as our founders but in fact they were not the first permanent settlers in North America. The Jamestown settlement was established thirteen years prior to the pilgrims landing in North America. We do not see these settlers of Jamestown as the founders of our country primarily because of different relationships each colony developed. We want to think and believe our country was based on the more peaceful relationship the pilgrims developed with Native Americans.

The foundation of Jamestown in 1607 signified the first permanent English settlement in North America. Three ships, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed and the Discovery all led by Captain Christopher Newport, brought 105 English settlers to Virginia, where they would soon find Jamestown. These settlers were looking for the same success in America that Spain had previously in South America. The main reason for the settlement in North America for these people was profit. They wanted to find gold and other valuable goods, they wanted to locate a north passage to Asia, trade with the indigenous population and force them into a pliant labor force, as the Spanish had done. [3] They chose to land in Jamestown for its position, it provided a good area of defense from other European forces that would come by water. After they settled, they found out why the land was unoccupied by the Native Americans. There was an abundance of mosquitoes, the water was undrinkable, hunting was very limited and the animals were all quickly hunted leaving them with no food. The land did not provide them with any soil that could be farmed again creating a lack of food. These conditions led to saltwater poisoning, infection, fevers, disease and starvation, killing half of the settlements people. A second factor that contributed to the high death rate was their inability to do manual and skilled labor, again leaving them with no food. The Native Americans first reaction to the English settlers was hostility. However, eventually they offered their food and hospitality to the English. The Jamestown settlement became very dependent on the Native Americans for there food supply. When the Native Americans stopped providing them with food cooperatively, the English took what they needed by force. The Native Americans again showed hostility toward the English and eventually started to attack the settlement, killing animals and burning the crops. Through the next ten years the English returned attacks on the Native Americans, carrying out search and attack raids, burning Native villages and crops and capturing natives. This pattern of relationship with native Americans was repeated throughout Native America leading to the demise of the Indians.

In 1620, a second group of English people came to North America to form the next permanent settlement. These people are known today as the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims fled from England because of religious persecution, they felt the church violated biblical principles of true Christians. The Pilgrims first went to the Netherlands where they could establish their own church that would be supported and enforced by their own state. They brought only their culture and spiritual beliefs to the new world, making it their own. One hundred and two English people set sail for North America on the Mayflower hoping to reach Virginia. Due to storms during their voyage, the Pilgrims ended up in Cape Cod where they established the Plymouth settlement. The settlers were unprepared and did not know how to live through the winters in North America, causing over half of the population to die before the spring. By the next winter, the Native Americans and the Pilgrims had a very peaceful relationship. Squanto helped the Natives and Pilgrim communicate with each other. The Natives taught the English settlers how to build homes that would stand the cold winters, how and when to plant maize and how to cook that maize. With the good relationship that developed between the Pilgrims and Natives they were able to set up a peace treaty. In the treaty, each side promised to live in peace and support the other if attacked. [8] The good relation between the Pilgrims and the natives also let three natives live among the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims had a much better relationship with the Native Americans then any other colony. Even though they had a better relation with the natives they still ended up at war. King Philip's war started with Sassamon bringing word of the Native American plan to attack the English. Sassamon is murdered and three Native Americans were arrested. The first action was taken by the Pokanket who attacked Swansea, a small English settlement. The war spread and included both the Podunk and Nipmuck tribes. There were many battles between the Native American tribes and the colonists some included the attacks at Middleborough, Dartmouth, Mendon, Brookfield and Lancaster. The war continued until 1677, over 600 colonists and 3,000 Native Americans were killed during war, several hundred Native Americans were captured and executed or sold to slavery.

These two groups of people may have come to the new world from the same country but they had many differences. The Pilgrims and the Jamestown settlers had very different reasons for coming to North America. The settlers from Jamestown came to the new world mostly for profit; they wanted to be successful like the Spanish. The Pilgrims were never thinking about money when they came to North America. The pilgrims came to the new world for a place where they could establish their own church away from England. These motives greatly show how much the two civilizations were different. A second difference comes with the relations between the natives and the settlers of the two colonies. Jamestown never had a strong relation with the natives. One of there intentions when coming to America, was to force the natives into labor like the Spanish had before them. Once on the settlement, they stole food from Natives causing a hostile environment with the Native Americans. The pilgrims had a mutually accepting relationship with the Native Americans. They worked with the Natives to learn how to live off the land in Plymouth; they also allowed Indians to live with them to help them live in the new world. The pilgrims also had a good enough relation with the Indians to have a peace treaty. This treaty stated that both groups would live in peace and support the other if ever being attacked by and outside force. Jamestown settlers were never able to acquire a peace treaty with the Indians. These differences greatly set the Pilgrims and Jamestown settlers apart from each other.

The two colonies also had some similarities. Both of these colonies were unprepared for the climate and land conditions of North America. Due to the settlers not being prepared, over half of both civilizations died from starvation and disease. The starvation led the English to rely on the Native Americans for their food supply. Some people may argue that the Plymouth settlers were not dependent on the Indians, but in truth the Plymouth settlers were very dependent on the Wampanoag ’s for many things including not only food but knowledge as well. They created a good relation with the Native Americans so they could learn how to live in their new world. The Native Americans reaction to the English settlers and the attack on the Native Americans in both colonies were very similar. There were four stages to this process that occurred over and over again throughout the history of English and Native American relations. First the settlers come to North America, the Natives come to resent the settlers dependency upon them. Then a highly respected native would receive a vision where they saw their tribes brought back to life and thriving again. The native and his vision would connect with the tribes military force which led to a pan-Indian war where the Native Americans would be completely destroyed.

Jamestown and the Pilgrim colonies have a variety of similarities and differences based on their relations with the Native Americans. These similarities and differences lead to many questions on how we see these two groups of people today and how we associate them with our foundation. When we look at the founders of our country we look to the Pilgrims, when really the Jamestown settlers were the first to have a permanent settlement in North America. In kindergarten students are taught about Thanksgiving, they make turkeys from hand prints and are told the story of how the Pilgrim came over on the Mayflower to form a colony and eventually the United States. They are shown the relation between the Native Americans and Pilgrims to be completely accepting leading to a great feast we know now as Thanksgiving. We are not taught that the Jamestown settlement was the foundation of our country, primarily due to the unpleasant relationship they had with the Native Americans. The Pilgrims created a peaceful relation with the Native Americans supporting our belief of our country being peaceful and accepting. We also identify with the Pilgrims because they came for a religious reason. The Pilgrims came to America to find a place where they could practice there own religion without English laws. Our society has always had a strong religious background that relates us more to the Pilgrims then the Jamestown settlers. The Pilgrims had a strong set of beliefs and values that were incorporated into our society again deferring our attention away from the Jamestown settlers as founders for our country.

SOURCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia#Historical_overview_1508-1705
2. http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/colonial/indians/indians.html
3. nchs.ucla.edu/NH116-preview.pdf
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Settlement
5. http://www.historyisfun.org/History-Jamestown.htm
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims
7. http://www.allabouthistory.org/pilgrims.htm
8. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761557909
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip's_War

Note all sources were used to make this paper.

2008-02-14T21:42:00.000-08:00

Four Functions of Myth

Heidi Wyman

2/14/08

Abstract:

This paper will discuss how the primary conflict between the Native Americans and Europeans was due to conflicting myth narratives. I will support this thesis with examples and information from James Wilson's, The Earth Shall Weep and interviews with Joseph Campbell. This is very important because it shows you where the two cultures varied in life style and beliefs.

Native Americans and Europeans have had many different conflicts. One the primary conflicts between these two cultures was due to conflicting myth narratives Myth narratives give you an idea about the lifestyle and culture of a civilization. Myths also provides you with the beliefs and rules of the culture. Joseph Campbell states that, "myths have four functions." The first is, "realizing what a wonder you are and what a wonder the universe is, and experiencing awe before this mystery." The second function of myth is, "cosmological dimension, the dimension with which science is concerned - showing you what the shape of the universe is but showing it in a way that the mystery again comes through." The third function of a myth is, "sociological, supporting and validating a certain social order." The fourth function of a myth is, "pedagogical, how to live a human lifetime under any circumstances." It does not take all of these functions to cause conflict between cultures, differences in any of these four functions could cause conflict conflict between the two cultures.

Campbell states that the first function of a myth is realizing what a wonder the universe is and what a wonder you are and experiencing awe before this mystery. This function is the only one out of the four functions that does not conflict. Both the Native Americans and Europeans used myth to explain the wonders and the unknowns of there worlds. A prime example of myths that exhibit this similarity, from the two cultures would be the creation myths. These provide stories that explain the greatest wonder and unknown of the world, how we got here. Native American tribes had a variety of different creation myths but they were all very similar. James Wilson provides a Native American creation myth that starts with an Old Man Above whom is called Chareya. Chareya lived in the sky and always wanted to reach the earth. He creates a hole in the sky and throws ice through the hole creating a pyramid. He uses this pyramid to climb down to earth. When the ice on the ground melts, Chareya bored with his finger into the earth planting and creating streams, animals and people. Chareya created the Grizzly bear of which caused him great fear. This fear made Chareya hollow out the pyramid to the sky and live the rest of his life in his tepee. This was very similar to the creation story of the Europeans. There story starts with God creating light on earth, creating day and night. God then creates the heavens above, earth and sea. God then creates birds and sea creatures and commands them to be fruitful and multiply. He then creates man, women and plants and animals for them to eat. These two myths show no conflict they both show one man creating with his own powers earth, man kind, creatures and nature. Both cultures saw the wonder in the universe and themselves and expressed this through their myth narratives.

The second function of myths is the cosmological dimension the dimension which science is concerned - showing you what the shape of the universe is but showing it in a such a way that they mystery again comes through. In other words, describing the meaning and significance of the universe; every corner, every rock, hill, stone and flower has its place and its meaning in the cosmological dimension. The Europeans had turned to the world of science to tell us the shape, significance and meaning of the universe. They wanted to know everything there was to know about the universe. During the period of Enlightenment, Europeans had been discovering news ways to examine the world through technology and science. They were creating a new way of living. They wanted to dissect all animals, examine all of nature and find out what it is made of and what its place in the universe was. The Native Americans were one with the land, their approach to the world was different they did not want to harm any part of there world. They saw themselves as the rock, the bluff, the pine tree, the shore and the water of which they were from. They were not interested in the scientific ways of examining the universe. This caused conflict between the two cultures. The Europeans wanted to progress, to innovate, improve their society and discover. The Native Americans were content with how they were living, they did not care to change or progress from where they were. The Europeans saw this as a set back of about six thousand years and the Native Americans did not want to change. Creating huge conflict between the two cultures.

Campbell states that the third function of myth is sociological, supporting and validating a certain social order. The social orders of the European and Native Americans were very different. The social order of Native Americans was very equal. Native Americans were firm believers in males and females having equal access to power in the supernatural world. Although they had equal power, men and women evaluated there status in different ways. A man could gain status by becoming a good hunter or providing his family with an abundance of meat and furs. A man can also gain status as a successful warrior and a higher status if he killed an enemy of captured a slave. Women gained status not by hunting or warfare but by bearing and raising children, growing a lot of crops and plants and finally a women could gain status by building and maintaining a comfortable home. Native American tribes usually had a chief, who's job was to keep order while staying on an equal status with his tribe, a sort of democracy. They worked to take care of their families and to get food for their families, they were never thinking of an economical society. This was a complete opposite of Europe, who still had but were moving away from feudalism and hierarchy. Europe had different classes, the nobles, merchants and peasants. People had their place in this ladder of hierarchy and it was impossible to change your status. The Nobles had power over both the merchants and the peasants. In the hierarchy, women were always seen below men. The Europeans society was based around their economy. They were excellent traders who could export and import goods and there major focus was to make money. This caused the greatest conflict between the Native Americans and the Europeans. The Europeans saw the Native Americans as very disorganized group of people who were very inefficient. The Europeans lived in a world of growth, progress and innovation. They were not impressed with the lack of innovation, progress and growth of the Native Americans. The second conflict between the two social orders was there levels of power. The Europeans were used to having power over each other, while the Native Americans were a very equal society. The difference between the social classes is by far the biggest conflict between the two cultures.

Campbell's last function of a myth is pedagogical, how to live a human lifetime under any circumstances. The culture you live in changes how a person lives their life, it changes how they think, deal with things and react. Culture teaches us how to pass into and live all the different stages of our life, from birth to childhood then maturing into adulthood and watching your own go through the same cycle and eventually reaching our death. Both cultures provide myths of how to live human life under any circumstance. The Native American culture was one with their environment, they respected it and others around them, seeing them all as equals. They lived off the land and taught their children how to live with only the necessities of life. They were taught by their elders of which they had very high respect for. They were taught of their ancestors and all the stories of their place. The Native Americans taught us that you can live without the technology and science that the Europeans had. Native Americans also lived in cyclical time. They lived in a cycle, they lived their lives the same and never wanted to change. Day by day they lived the same cycle, never progressing. A view of time very different from the Europeans. The European culture had many differences. They revolved around there economy and their science. They taught their children not of how they got there but how to invent and progress to a more material future. They wanted their children to be able to maintain their economy and structure once they were gone. Europeans lived in linear time, they lived for progress and future. Their view of time was very progressive you never moved back you had to keep going. A view of time very different from the Native Americans. These two life circumstances cause both cultures to respond differently towards each other, causing them conflict. The Europeans wanted the Native Americans to change while the Native Americans were content with how they were living. The third difference between the two life circumstances was there view of time. The Native Americans viewed time as cyclical, never progressing, while the Europeans saw linear time, progressing to a brighter future in there eyes. The pedagogical function of myth causes great conflict between the Native Americans and Europeans.
The Native American myths and European myths were very much in conflict. Three out of the four myth functions showed differences between the two cultures. They showed conflict in cosmological, sociological and pedagogical functions of a myth. These differences led the Native Americans and Europeans into violence. The Europeans wanted to change the Native American way of life, they wanted it to be more like their societies and economy. The Europeans saw the land that the Native Americans occupied and saw the potential profit that could be made by it. They wanted the Native Americans to adopt their economic system and be able to trade with other nations. When the Native Americans refused to change and adapt to the European culture, Europeans stuck to their ways and used power to overtake the Native American culture.

The Europeans Wanted to change the Native American Mytes, they wanted them to reflect their own myths.

what is there motovation?

land for economics

Europeans wanted the land that the Native Americans

Changing economy changes everything about the culture.

Explain why they had to eand to conflict, this is why violence had to be the end .

foucus on

2008-01-16T08:53:00.000-08:00

Midterm prompt
Heidi Wyman
1-16-08

Abstract: In this paper I will tell you how the lesson of the past 600 years is that we have to keep trying. I will support this with examples and information from, The World Is Flat, Thomas Friedman, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, David Lands and the Library encyclopedia. This is very importaint to the society today and the future of society. This message is importaint because it shows what we need to keep going, to keep questioning our current knowledge and faith in things.

Many scholars will tell you that you can learn from the mistakes and success of the past. If this is true, what would the revolutions of the past 600 years tell you that we need to do? Would the revolutions show that we need to keep trying to innovate and learn? David Lands states that we must “cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to choose means.” Is this the message portrayed from the humanism movement to the technological revolution we are currently going

through? The lesson learned over the past 600 years is that we have to keep trying and move forward.
The first aspect that Landes states is essential to the lesson of keep trying is that we have to cultivate a skeptical faith. To cultivate a skeptical faith is to have a scientific, religious, and or political belief but also to be ready to question, explore, investigate and learn from new information and developments. Both the Humanist movement and the Reformation support the need for society to have a skeptical faith. The humanist movement questioned churches traditional beliefs of the meaning of life. By doing this, it created more then one point of view around how people saw themselves outside the church. They questioned the Catholic Churches traditions and polices. They still wanted to practice religion and be active in the church, while having a life, learning and exploration outside of the church. Maintaining a faith in religion but being able to question the traditional way of life. During the Reformation, Martin Luther exhibited skepticism of faith. He practiced religion while questioning through his 95 theses church traditions and polices he did not agree with. Again he wanted to retain a religious background and be part of the church, but still be able to question aspects of the church he felt were wrong and needed to be changed. Keeping a skeptical faith. Without skeptical faith, society will be come stagnant, does not move forward with knowledge, technological and medical treatment instead just accepts information given to them.(1)

Landes states that as part of the western history we must avoid dogma. Dogma is defined as a principle, belief, or idea especially one authoritatively considered to be absolute truth; avoiding this would be to stay away from accepting a belief, information because someone in charge told you to do so. We see examples of avoiding/fighting dogma during the Renaissance/Humanist Revolution, Scientific Revolution and the Technological Revolution. In the Humanist Revolution the Catholic Church faces serious problems with the society. The society began to question the traditional system of beliefs and the translation of the Bible. Martin Luther, a German monk and professor of

theology, recognized the corruption within the church and started to address them. His first act was to write a list of complaints against the church, the “95 theses”. Martin Luther’s second act was to post his theses on the Cathedral door in Wittemburg, Germany. These were taken and copied by the printing press and posted on many other churches. Luther’s stand led to many priest including Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin, a French born scholar, to preach against church dogma, ritual and pomp.(1) The fight against the church led to different religious beliefs and church dogma. A second fight against dogma is seen during the Scientific Revolution. The church’s traditional belief was that the stars and sun revolve around the earth. Kepler was the first to challenge this traditional belief by publishing his theory that the sun was the center of the universe, with the planets revolving around it. Though Kepler had a theory he did not have evidence to prove his theory and was ignored by the society. During the Scientific Revolution, Galileo was able to prove that the sun was the center of the universe using his invention of the telescope. Galileo published his findings in a book called, Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief World Systems. Galileo was challenging societies dogma around the setup of the universe. Which led others to further investigations, knowledge and a continuation of challenging traditional beliefs (dogma). In today's Technological Revolution, societies beliefs about how to do business and be successful is currently being challenged by the growth and changes in technology. Our new technology has made major strides in communication and cooperation, changing the way businesses work in a global society. Businesses that do not embrace this global economy are going to suffer. Freidman points out businesses that have been very successful at adapting and growing in the new global economy. All of these businesses are fighting dogma. These three revolutions all avoided/ fought dogma in different ways. (4)

Another issue when deciding message of history is that we need to keep trying, to consider is if society “listens and watches well” as stated by Landes. Does society learn from and pay attention to the past to help them make today's choices? We see two examples of this in the Industrial and current day Technological Revolutions. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain ahead of the other countries. Britain had industries, machines and a growing economy wanted by many other countries. Britain was “ a country with lots of private wealth and well-funded merchant banks, able to finance enterprise with family resources, small loans and reinvestment of profits.” ( Germany watched the advancement of Britain and learned from them to create a better business economy. Germany took the aspects of the British industries that worked and built on them, also adding schools that would educate their people. Germany listened and watched well, to get ahead and become a strong country. This is also seen in the Technological Revolution of today. People and businesses of today have to attend to and embrace modern technology. Freidman gives us two good examples of this from his book, The World is Flat. The first is the growth of the UPS company. They were an company that dealt primarily with one business aspect, shipping. They watched the world economy and technology changing and realized they has to diversify if they were going to survive. Now instead of only shipping, they went inside your company; analyze its manufacturing, packaging and delivery processes; and then design, redesign, and manage your whole global supply chain. If nessisary they'll even finance parts of it, such as receivable and COD payments. They paid, listened and watched well using what they saw to be more productive and successful. The second example was personal to Freidman. He talks about arriving at the airport early so he could pick up his e ticket for an A seat. He was disappointed when he received his ticket and it was not among the A seats. Upon boarding the plane Friedman discovers that the people who had the A seats were customers who had printed their tickets in the comfort of their home at 12:01 the night before. This new procedure was beneficial to both customers and the airline because customers saved time and got the seats they wanted , while the airline benefited because they no longer had to pay labor to print and handout the tickets. Because Freedman did not pay attention to the technological advancements he missed out on his preferred seating. (3)

The goal of all revolutions is to clarify and define ends; changing how we think and how we live. Each of the revolutions over the past 600 years have changed the way society thinks and lives. The Renaissance Revolution clarified how people saw themselves. People pre-revolution only saw themselves through the church. After the revolution, people saw themselves as individuals. The Scientific Revolution changed the way people saw the truth. It made it acceptable to find new knowledge and not get everything from the church beliefs. The Industrial Revolution changed the world from an agricultural society to an urban society. The Industrial Revolution also changed the rate of production bringing about mass production which greatly increased economic growth more than ever before. The current Technological Revolution has improved how businesses collaborate around the world. It has also improved the supply chains of the world. The technological revolution is still currently happening so we have yet to see the full effect of this revolution.

Finally, Landes says that we need to use all of the pieces he discusses to better choose means. Thus, the challenge for society is to use the knowledge from history to better choose means. Have we used the lessons of the past 600 years to improve our lives? When you bring together the examples from the revolutions over the past 600 years you have support for Landes statement that the lesson of the last 600 years is the need to keep trying. “No miracles. No perfections. No Millennium. No apocalypse. We must cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to choose means.” The revolutions have combined to continuously change the world in some opinions for the better and some for the worst. Overall the lesson from the past is to keep trying. The challenge for all societies is to use the knowledge of the past to create a better future by continuing to try.

Biographies-

1."Cultures in Transition." Volume Library. 3 vols. Nashville, Tennessee: Southwestern, 2006.

2. Landes, David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York: Norton & Company, 1999. 168-291.
3.Friedman, Thomas L. The World is Flat. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.

4. Honors History class

2008-01-13T18:58:00.000-08:00

Palmyra Episcopal Church

Heidi R. Wyman

Ms. Lind & Mr. Viles

Honors English / History

1/9/08

Throughout the development of the little town of Palmyra Maine, the Episcopal Church has been a lasting influence on the society for 169 years. Through this 169 year the Church has developed from the Grange hall to different church denominations, to its current denomination of the Episcopal Church. This church’s influence on the society can be seen throughout their charitable work within the community.

The church building currently occupied by St. Martin’s Episcopal Church, was built in 1838. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The building started as the Palmyra Free Meeting hall, a place where the community could meet for free to worship and discuss as they please. The land for the meeting hall was sold to the church by Stephen Robinson who only charged the church one pew. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The church also sold 52 pews to fund the building of the church. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) Each pew buyer would hold the right to choose a minister who would preach on the week corresponding with the number on their pew. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The total construction cost of the church was $1800.00. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The building was constructed by George Lancey. He hired a building crew with Lewis Williams the head carpenter. In 1871 the church was in need of repairs. Pew owners re-organized and were able to tax the pews to raise $350.00. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This money was used to paint the outside, repair the blinds and to shingle the roof.In the next 124 years the church was home to three denominations, the Methodist, Baptist and Christian’s. They worshiped in this one church at different times on service days. Some ministers of the Christian denomination include, Mr. Stackpole, Mr.Tibbetts and Mr. Webster. Baptist elders included James Langley and Virgil Sweetland, son of one of the town’s initial settlers. Methodist preachers included Jesse Harriman Springer, La Marsh, Southard, Tingliny Brooks and Charles H. Johonnett. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197)

In 1962 the building which was currently owned by the Union church, a group of Jesus Christ followers who provided choir services to the community, was bought for $1 by the St. Martin’s congregation. (Breau, Beverly 12/15/07) The St. Martin’s group has formed in Pittsfield in 1959, originally meeting at Shorey’s Funeral Home and the former Jaycee Hall. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This price was set by the townspeople to make the price low enough so it would be bought and put into use. The building was then renovated in preparation for the first Episcopal service in May 1963. The purchase and renovation of the free meeting hall restored regular Sunday services to the town. (Mack, Sharon K. Bangor Daily News.) A community church had been absent from the town for many years.

In 1964 the St. Martin’s congregation purchased the Palmyra Grange hall, a building residing next to the church. This building was constructed in 1896, by the grange. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The grange was a group of seventy members organized by their master F.L Brown on November 13, 1893. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This group first held its meetings in the upper town house until they had the Hall built. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The grange hall and group sponsored the Palmyra band, which provided music for the town and other neighboring towns. The grange hall was also known for holding old time fairs with exhibits of cattle, horses, vegetables, foods and needlework. Since 1922 the hall has also housed Farm Bureau or Extensions and 4-H clubs. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The congregation purchased this building for $300, a price that would pay off the mortgage of the Grange hall. The congregation then turned the Grange hall into the Parish hall for the church. The parish hall would be used for community activities, public suppers and Sunday school.

In 1985 Janet McAuley was installed as the priest as St. Martin’s. McAuley had two bachelor’s degrees, three master’s degrees and a doctorate degree in religion. McAuley was a well known priest in the community. She oversaw many new programs in the church. The first program was the start of the library in 1988. The library started by Beverly Breau was held in the attic of the church. The library along with the literacy program taught around 200 adults how to read. Janet McAuley served the church up until her death in 2005. (The Northeast. June 2006)

In 1991 the Church lit on fire, destroying the steeple of the church. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This fire was started by a lighting bolt that struck the bell in the tower. The great ring drew many townspeople to the church to see what had happened. Local fire departments from five towns were able to control the fire and secure the rest of the church. The church in itself was saved but the steeple had to be replaced, new siding had to be installed and some restorations were needed inside the church. The fire did not harm any of the surrounding buildings and left the parish hall as it had always been.

The church again strived for the next 14 years until April 19, 2006 whey yet another fire ripped through the church. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The efforts of the six area fire departments did not pay off, the fire was unable to be controlled and the church damage was too severe to be repaired. There were few items saved from the fire including the alter, pews, crosses, candle sticks and the door that led to the basement of the church. The door was old and wooden with a vintage latch and hinges. On the door the dates including 1854, these dates represented when the church had been painted.

The burning of the church did not stop the worshiping; as planned the church installed Reverend Levering Sherman Jr. as their new vicar and priest-in-charge five days after the fire. On April 30, 2006 Reverend Levering Sherman Jr. celebrated his first Eucharist as vicar in the parish hall. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) He is currently still at St. Martin’s Episcopal Church.

Since the fire, the congregation meets, prays and cooks in the church hall. The church continues all of its regular services such as Sunday school, service and the community suppers in the parish hall. Beverly Breau says that the church lines up the pews to have Sunday service and then has to take them off and put up the tables for the suppers at the church. (Breau, Beverly 12/15/07) The church holds turkey pie suppers twice a month, on the second and fourth Saturdays of the month from 4:30 to 6:30pm. These suppers provide for an average of 70 people and have been a tradition of the church for over 20 years. The profit made during the community suppers goes to the fund to rebuild the church and the literacy program at the church. The suppers provide dinner for an average of 70 people With the community suppers, literacy program and donations to the county food band, the church is more involved with the community. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197)

This church has affected society with its charitable works throughout the history of Palmyra. During the war they provided special support services for families of those in the war. These services provided memorials for the men and women who were lost during the war. There was also a church choir that brought community members together. The church also provided a meeting place for church and community services. Currently the church provides a literacy program for families in the community. They also hold turkey suppers twice a month and also contribute food to the county food bank. The growth and development of Palmyra Maine, has been positively influenced by the existence of the church in the town. This church has come a long way from a Grange hall to becoming a full time Episcopal Church in the community.

Work Cited

Breau, Beverly. Dec. 15 2007
Mack, Sharon K. “Palmyra pies bring town together.” Bangor Daily News. 14 Nov. 2007. 3 Dec. 2007. <htt[://bangordailynews.com/news/+/lifestyle.aspx?articleid=156476&zoneid=14>.
Palmyra Bicentennial. International Standard Penobscott P, 2007. 188-197.
Saintmartins.sebasticookvalley.net/images/church.html
Seekins, Brenda. Images of America Sebasticook Valley. Portsmouth: Arcadia, 2004.
"St. Martin's Already Rebuilding in Palmyra After April 19 Fire." The Northeast June 2006. 20 Dec. 2007.

Work Consulted

“Episcopal Church.” Infoplease. 2007. Columbia Universiitypress. 2 Dec. 2007. <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0858019.html>.
"
Protestant Episcopal church.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2 Dec 2007.
“History of the Episcopal church.” Christ Church. 3 Dec. 2007. <http://www.christchurchmonticello.com/history.htm>.

2007-12-21T20:52:00.000-08:00

Mental or Physical?

Abstract:
In this paper, I will show how the industrial revolution was a material revolution. I will support this thesis with David S. Lands’ The Wealth and Poverty of Nations and Eric Hobsbawm’s The Age of Revolution. This thesis is important because the Industrial Revolution changed the way people worked and earned a living.
David S. Landes states that, “revolution is an instance of great change or alteration in affairs or some particular thing.” The Industrial Revolution caused changes due to huge numbers of developing industries, new machinery, a population in need of jobs, inventions, increasing population and the beginning of a middle class coming together to create constant, rapid and unlimited multiplication of man, goods and services. A goal no previous society had been able to obtain. Unlike the Renaissance period that was primarily based on the change in knowledge and beliefs, thus a mental revolution, the Industrial Revolution was a material revolution based on goods and economy.
There were many inventions and improvements in machinery that aided the development of industries, pushed toward mass production and improved agriculture. Some of these machines included the spinning wheel, reverberatory furnaces, the steam powered engine and steam powered plow. These machines helped increase the productivity of goods and agriculture.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution people used a system called the cottage industry to produce fabric. This was an industry where people would spin and weave wool at their own house and at their own pace. There were constant issues between bosses and weavers involving accusations of stealing and misuse of materials. Thus when the industrial revolution eliminated the cottage industries employers were happier to have the weavers under their roof and more control over the materials, rate of production and products. The cottage industries were replaced with spinning wheels in factories. The spinning wheels increased the efficiency of carding, twisting, spinning and rolling the wool into yarn which then increased the supply of yarn that supplied the weaving industry. By the end of the revolution, steam power was used to power the machines creating mass production of yarn for weavers.

A second piece of machinery that was essential in the Industrial Revolution was the reverberatory furnace also known as a cupola. This was a machine that melted coke pig iron into cast iron goods. This produced pots, pans, fire backs, pipes and kettles that were thin and cheap. Therefore, the cheaper iron became a major material used to produce goods during the revolution. The cheap iron also helped development of steam engines and railways.

A third revolutionary machine was the invention of the steam engine. The steam engine took about two hundred years to completely develop. Until the 1800’s, the steam engine was only used to pump water from mines, this allowed mines to ascend deeper into the earth. The steam engine was invented and a solution was found for the pistons that were limiting the power of the machine. This solution allowed the steam engine to be put into ships, such as the Dreadnought. These ships were faster, cleaner and they rarely had to stop into port for more than a day.

The fourth invention that was extremely effective was the steam engine plow. These plows had two engines on each side of the field with a plow connected by a cable to the engines. These new plows reduced the cost of plowing and the number of people needed to run the farm. These four machines all worked together to create mass production of goods such as yarn for weaving, cast iron goods for cooking and agricultural goods. The machines were the base of the industrial revolution, without them there would have been no need for factories and industries. These machines and many others worked together to produce a material change in society.
The Industrial Revolution rapidly fed the supply and demand economic cycle. This cycle started with the idea of new machines an idea worthless unless acted upon. This led to the creation of new machinery. The new machines are the base for factories, where there would be mass production of all sorts of goods. These factories would create a need for people to run the machines, creating new job
opportunities. The advancement in farming machinery allowed farms to produce crops more cheaply with less labor, freeing people to work in the factories. All of the people who were unemployed, not only from the farms but also the people who were on the streets moved to the city where there was an abundance of jobs that needed filling. These workers now had money to spend on goods, creating higher demand. This causes the cycle to start over with the need for machines and products, to creating even more jobs and production of goods.
Every revolution has an effect on all parts of P.E.R.S.I.A. The political, economic, religious, society, intellectual and aesthetics of a society. The materials in the Industrial Revolution effected all parts of PERSIA. First, the machines had an effect on the political power of nations. The countries of which took part in the revolution of machines and factories had the most money, therefore giving them power. The countries that did not take part in the revolution fell to the bottom of the economy and political power. Spain for example, showed this with their power from wealth found in the Americas before the revolution. When the revolution hit, Spain’s money was gone, they were not able take part in the revolutionary inventions, materials and fell to the bottom. The economics were effected greatly by the new machines and industries. The first economical change was the change from a feudal to an industrial society with huge economical growth. The industries introduced mass production and more jobs for society. In return, it gave people more money to buy products and demand more. The effect on religion was that employment of the people took them from their religious studies. The impact on society was huge. There were many new opportunities for jobs in the factories which brought more people form the country to the city in search of work. This also changed the lifestyle of society, they changed from agricultural extended families to city dwellers. The machines changed the intellect of the people. Before the revolution, people had to know how to spin or weave wool by hand. With the new machines of the revolution, the people no longer had to know the art of spinning or weaving but simply knew how to use the machines that spun and wove the wool for them. The last part of P.E.R.S.I.A. is aesthetics, the machines had great effect on the aesthetics of society. The picture of society changed tremendously from the Industrial Revolution. Prior to the revolution in the picture you saw little homes where people worked and farmed. In the new picture of society, you see industries, increased factories, major cities and agricultural land; all caused by the joining of industries, development of machinery, inventions and the beginning of a middle class.
The Industrial Revolution was primarily a material revolution. When you have a revolution that changes the way people think, it would be considered a mental revolution such as Humanism. When thinking of a material revolution, it relates to tools, machinery and the money that is available and brought about changes. What came from the Industrial Revolution is a change in machinery, mass production and industries bringing more work not a revolution of philosophical thinking. The revolution built the economy of anyone who took part, it produced goods using the economic cycle of mass production and increase in jobs and income of society driving the supply and demand. There is no question that this revolution was driven by material and physical changes of Europe.

2007-11-18T19:07:00.000-08:00

What is Truth?
By Heidi Wyman
11-19-07

Truth, what does this word mean? Some people will tell you that truth relies solely on proof that comes from science or fact. Others will tell you that truth is what your traditional beliefs are. Webster tells us that truth is the body of real things, events and facts. Or is truth a compromise between science and faith /traditional beliefs. Throughout history we see many examples of conflict between the church and science over what is true. Even though many of these issues have been resolved, today there continue to be conflicts between religion and science.

In the scientific revolution from 1600-1800 (the Enlightenment), there were many conflicts between science and religion. One major conflict was between Galileo and the church over the Copernican theory. This theory stated that the earth revolved around the sun. Galileo took the position of supporting the Copernican theory. Galileo proceeded to build a telescope and is the first to use it in astronomy. He uses the telescope to observe the Milky Way, his observations lead him to believe that the Earth moves around the sun. The church however takes the opposing side supporting the traditional belief that the sun revolves around the Earth. The church supports this belief because it has always been the traditional church belief that we are at the center of the Universe and the Universe revolves around us. The Earth as the center had been accepted as the truth for hundreds of years. At first, the Pope compromises with Galileo allowing him to publish his findings in a book as long as he states that his work is only a theory and not proven true. Galileo took this opportunity and wrote a book called, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems that outlined his theory. Eventually this issue was resolved with the scientific evidence provided by Galileo. People accepted the proof of Galileo's work and eventually began to believe that the Earth revolves around the sun. Of course today, this is the accepted truth of the rotation of the galaxy.

A second area of conflict between science and religion during this time period was around the encyclopedia and the underlying concepts in the encyclopedia. The encyclopedia was the circle of teachings for the eighteenth century. It was a place for scientists and philosophers to

put their findings into one place where anyone could access the knowledge easily. The church reviewed the encyclopedia and were appalled. The church believed that the encyclopedia was giving people false information about them. One example of this comes from the Encyclopedia article on consecrated bread. This article states that, "some will find my estimate to low. Still 40,000 pieces of bread for communion will cost 80,000 livers which, multiplied by 52 Sundays adds up to more then 4 million livers. Why can't we be spared this experience? We are to childish and slaves to custom to see that there are more truly religious ways of worship." This of course infuriated the church and is one example of why they were opposed to the encyclopedia. Even though the church was against the encyclopedia, it was very popular in the general society. People liked the accessibility of knowledge and truth in one place. The church wanted to resolve this issue by condemning the volumes already printed, however the author and scientists were tipped off to the churches plans and were able to collect the manuscript and send it away to continue the work in secret. Eventually, Diderot completed twenty eight volumes and a second editor added seven volumes for a total of a thirty five volume encyclopedia. This issue was eventually resolved by the church not fighting the publishing and spread of the encyclopedia. The editors and scientists did not back down or stop publishing their ideas, studies and opinions that were eventually accepted by many people. In 1775, Charles Joseph Pankoucke gained the rights to reissue the encyclopedia in.

The conflict between science and religion is still seen today in many ways. One current issue is the conflict between the story of creation and Evolution. The religious belief is that God created the world, mankind and all living things in seven days. The church believes this because it is written in the first five books of Genesis and it is their tradition. Scientists believe in Evolution, a theory proposed by Charles Darwin which stated that "we came into existence through a process in which organisms adapt to their environments by natural selection or interactions of their genetic makeup with the existing environmental conditions." Natural selection and changes in genetic makeup cause species to change and develop as they need to constantly improving and adapting over long periods of time. Scientists believe this theory based on fossil record and the research done by Charles Darwin on the Galapegos Islands. All of his research provided evidence and proof for the theory of Evolution. This conflict has not been resolved and I believe that it will never be resolved. There will always be religious people who rely totally on faith, people who will not be open minded to physical scientific evidence. Though there have been no solutions for this issue, there have been many proposed compromises but only two commonly known. The first is the belief that evolution and the creation story can both be true. There are those that believe that the seven days that it took for God to create the world as described in the bible are not seven days as we know them to be. The seven days from the story represent a longer period of time such as eons which will allow both the creation story and evolution to exist together. The second compromise, is the theory of intelligent design. This theory states that various forms of life began abruptly, through an intelligent agency, with their distinctive features already intact, such as fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks and wings. This theory is not as accepted as others because it is inferring that God is the intelligent agent and is just another copy of the creation theory. This issue is not currently resolved but the minds of society may be changed if more evidence and proof is discovered.

Another modern disagreement between religion and science is about stem cell research. The religious belief is that an embryo has life as soon as it is fertilized. On the other hand, scientists believe that a cluster of cells that is only five days old in not yet life. They believe that it is a pre-embryo, a cell that can not live on its own. The churches belief/position is based on their belief that taking any life is morally wrong. They believe that these embryos have the potential to become human beings so it is wrong to use them in research. The scientists position is that this cell is only five days old and does not have any way of living on its own. They also see that the cell is not guaranteed to develop into a living organism. In this situation, science faces impediments with stem cell research. The primary impediment is that there are laws forbidding stem cell research. On two occasions scientists and researchers have tried to pass legislation to allow stem cell research but each time have failed. However, since there is still an interest by scientist to proceed with stem cell research the issue is not resolved. Scientists continue to propose different compromises that abide by the law.

There are many similarities between the scientific time period of the Enlightenment and modern conflict between science and religion. First, in both times the conflicts were to determine who had the actual truth. Both parties believe that they had/have the truth then and now. Secondly, the way we resolve the issues in the past are similar to how we will eventually resolve modern issues. The issues in the past were resolved with time, knowledge and evidence. We will find resolutions for the modern issues using the same three factors. Based upon historical conflicts between religion and science my prediction for the resolution of modern conflicts will be very similar. Most of the conflicts from the past have been resolved using science and the proof provided by science. Science and scientists have been the ones who have held the truth and proven that truth with evidence and observations that you can not deny. You can see that the modern conflicts between religion and science should follow with the same resolution with science eventually providing evidence and proof to show what they had hypothesized was the truth.

Although these two time periods have similarities in the conflicts between science and religion there are also differences. First, current scientists do not have to worry about being excommunicated from the church. Scientists in the 1600-1800's worried about the church banning them. Galileo gave up on his findings in fear of being banned from his church. Secondly, with modern conflicts we have more technology and freedom to prove scientific theories true. During the Enlightenment, they had to invent technology that was used to gain scientific knowledge. In modern times, we have a huge amount of technology available to use at anytime. A third difference from the Enlightenment conflicts and modern conflicts is the churches power. In the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, the church had the power to stop the spread of knowledge, such as Galileo's finding and the encyclopedia. In modern conflicts, knowledge is not restrained by the church. It is easily accessible to anyone who would like to have it. You can post your ideas, beliefs and scientific theories online and in book found all over. No one has the power to restrain information.

You may still be wondering how you determine truth? The answer to this question is not what is actually true but what your belief of truth is. Do you believe that truth is something you can see and prove? Or do you believe that truth is based solely on your faith in something? With religion, you have your faith and the teachings from the bible to defend your idea of truth. With science, you have an abundance of proof and evidence to defend your idea of truth. Religion is based solely on the bible, when looking at evolution religion looks to the creation story in genesis, a story that you have to put your faith into to think that it is true. For a scientist to believe something is true they have to go through a process. The first step to this process is to take observations and then collect evidence from their observations. The next step is to create a hypothesis explaining their evidence. The scientist then designs a plan to prove or disprove their hypothesis. The test is then conducted and if their hypothesis is incorrect they must go back to step two and create a new hypothesis. If their hypothesis is correct the scientist published his finding for other scientists. If other scientists can conduct the same test and get the same results, the information is published for everyone. This is called the scientific method. This is a precise way of finding the truth, you have to prove something with evidence and you have to prove it more then once. Many of the conflicts between science and religion are solved using proof and evidence from science. In the end, I can not tell you what truth is, I can tell you what I believe truth to be but each person has to determine what their own truth is going to be.

2007-10-24T18:37:00.000-07:00

Jubilee year in Rome

Heidi Wyman

10/24/07

Looking at certain historic events in history you think how did this happen? Most events have many underlying factors that play into them. One might also consider how these factors may relate to each other. An example would be Leo Battista Alberti, an artist, the aqueducts of Rome, a scientific invention and Pope Nicholas V, a political figure. What impact did these three factors create? Pope Nicholas V was the first pope of the Renaissance, who rebuilds Rome. Leo Battista Alberti was an architect, musician, painter and sculptor. The Roman aqueducts gave a consistent source of clean water for Rome. These three factors brought Rome to its Jubilee year, during this time there were many artist and inventors who flocked to Rome producing art, literature, inventions galore.

A strong political figure from the Renaissance is Pope Nicholas V; he was named the first pope of the Renaissance. Nicholas was born at Sarzana, Liguria in 1397. He earned a degree in theology in 1422 and was taken into the service by Bishop Niccolo Albergati. This let Nicholas travel through Germany, France and England. During these trips Nicholas was able to collect books for his personal collection. These books would later be the start of the Vatican library built in 1448. After his service, Nicholas was appointed Bishop of Bologna. In 1447, when Pope Eugene IV died, Nicholas was elected Pope. He reigned for eight years until his death in 1455. During his reign Nicholas introduced a “fresh spirit to the Renaissance ”, he made Rome worthy of being the capital of the world at that time. Nicholas reinforced Rome’s defenses, paved main streets, rebuilt the city, the Vatican and the Borgo district and St. Relers Basilica. Also among Nicholas’ achievements would be his success with the rebuilding of the Aqueducts of Rome. Nicholas supported all of these plans by raising funds during the Jubilee year.

A scientific recreation, the Roman aqueducts were originally constructed around 312 B.C by Agrippa to create a constant supply of water for Rome. These aqueducts put together are estimated to be between 420 and 500 km long, but only 29 miles of aqueduct were above ground. The aqueducts had a sophisticated construction; they were built on a gradient that let gravity bring the water into the city. After some success during building, the constructors started to experiment with arches and Inverted syhons to accommodate for valleys and plains. Chorobats were used to flatten the terrain for the aqueducts and gromas were used to measure right angles for the aqueducts. The use of the underground aqueducts helped prevent disease from getting into the water. The aqueducts being underground also protected them from enemies destroying them. These aqueducts lasted for 500 years; their downfall came in the sixth century when they were wrecked by invaders. After this the Romans had to depend on water wells and/or the water from the yellow Tiber, until Nicholas repaired the aqueducts to working order. Again providing Rome with a safe and clean fresh water supply and improving the living conditions in Rome.

Leo Battista Alberti was an architect, musician, painter and sculptor, all of these qualities give Alberti the name of an artist. Alberti completed his education at the University of Bologna, where law was the base for his study. Alberti get his doctorate in Canon law and was appointed canon of the Florentine Cathedral. Alberti then went to Rome where he was hired by Pope Nicholas V. Alberti was to do all of the art work for Pope Nicholas V. This included restoring the aqueducts, designing the church of Saint’ Andrea and the church of San Francesco. Leo Battista Alberti was a very accomplished artist, who helped Nicholas V improve Rome in a variety of ways.

This political man, artist and scientific recreation worked together to make a huge impact on Rome and the citizens of the world during the Renaissance. The impact created by these three aspects, was Rome becoming the capital of the world and Rome having its Jubilee year. This year produced many new pieces of art, city improvements, literature and increased the power of the papacy. It took all three aspects, the artist, the political figure and the scientific invention, to achieve this impact.

The Pope Nicholas created plans to reconstruct the fresh water supply to Rome by repairing the aqueducts. The Roman aqueduct reconstruction was the base of why Nicholas V wanted the Jubilee year. The Pope took this reconstruction plan and found a way to earn funds for it. He wanted Rome to become the capital of the world. The activities planned for the Jubilee year would bring pilgrims and their money to Rome. The money acquired would then be use to further Nicholas' plan to repair the aqueducts and other projects. The Roman aqueducts were the motivation for Nicholas V to plan Rome's Jubilee year.

Leo Battista Alberti plans for the aqueducts also influenced the creation of the Jubilee year. Alberti was the architect who made the plans for the reconstruction of the aqueducts. His relationship with Nicholas and architectural skills helped Nicholas create plans to improve Rome by securing a clean water supply and eventually

beautifying Rome with fountains added to the aqueduct system. To fund these plans, projects and architecture Nicholas and Alberti created the Jubilee year.

Leo Battista Alberti and Pope Nicholas V worked together to create the jubilee year. This artist and political man had many influences on the culture of Rome. Nichols V hired Alberti to be his architect. Alberti was to create plans to reconstruct the Roman aqueducts to bring the fresh water supply back to Rome. These two men then created plans to bring Rome to its jubilee year, where pilgrims would come to Rome to support the funding for the aqueducts. This jubilee year would not only fund the aqueducts but many more artistic plans created by Nicholas V and Alberti.

Leo Battista Alberti, Pope Nicholas V and the aqueducts funneled together to create the Jubilee year. What is the Jubilee year? This year is 1450, the year in Rome where pilgrims came to Rome in flocks to visit churches, see architecture, read literature, and create art, to celebrate the Renaissance and Rome. This brought an abundance of money to Rome; this money was used by Nicholas V to rebuild the Roman aqueducts to provide a continuous clean supply of water for Rome. Why are these events and their impact so significant? The Jubilee year did not just fund the rebuilding of the aqueducts, which was a major achievement, it also brought about many new pieces of artwork, city improvements, literature and increased the power of the papacy.

Although there were many significant impacts from these events, two stand out as significant and lasting effects. The first is Leo Battista Alberti's De re aedificatoria (Ten Books on Architecture). These books were written by Alberti and dedicated to Pope Nicholas V in 1452. These books are not revisions of a previous writer, but ten completely new books by Alberti. These books made advances upon the engineering knowledge and the stylistic principles of classic art. Another is the reconstruction of the aqueducts and adding to them with ornate fountains. These fountains increased the beauty of Rome bringing more and more people to Rome. Alberti designed the base of the famous Trevi Fountain in 1453, this fountain would not have been built if the Jubilee year never came and Rome never got the money from the pilgrims. These two significant impacts left a lasting effect on Rome and the people of the world.

Looking at this impact you can see that it was caused by Pope Nicholas V, Leo Battista Alberti and the aqueducts. Parts of this impact are still seen today. We still see the Trevi fountain of which Alberti built the base. This is now a major tourist attraction in Rome for its beauty and structure. Other structures that still stand in Rome are the aqueducts; these can be seen all over Rome. A piece of literature that is still seen today is Leo Battista Alberti's Ten Books of

Architecture. These books are seen as the "bible of Renaissance architecture". Another structure that we still see today is the Vatican Library; this library was the first public library in Rome. The library currently holds around 75,000 manuscripts and 1.1 million printed books; the library also has a secret collection of Vatican Archives including 150,000 items. As you can see the impact left by Nicholas V, Leo Battista Alberti and the aqueducts have found their way into today’s life. They teach us of the art, science and politics of the Renaissance.

Leo Battista Alberti Pope Nicholas V Roman Aqueducts

Time Line

2007-10-14T18:18:00.000-07:00

Heidi Wyman

Revolution

10/15/07

To have revolution you must have all of the aspects of p.e.r.s.i.a. (politics, economics, religion, society, intellect and aesthetics). Though a revolution must have all of the aspects one can be more causative. In the Renaissance revolution, religion was the main cause. During the Renaissance revolution the main cause religion affected all of the other aspects of p.e.r.s.i.a.

The main cause of the renaissance revolution is religion. The biggest issue was the corruption in the church. This causes people to fight and want chance in the church. First, the church made laws against usury. However the popes and the hierarchy of the church condoned or took part in the usury. For example, Parks describes instances where the popes, bishops and cardinals would not only condone usury but commit usury themselves. Parks stated, "when a bishop, or a cardinal, or the pope himself had money to put in a bank and wanted to pay investor rather than borrower, he was egger to get something in return." (p.23) and "There were those priests who denounced sin and screamed foul and promised damnation. And there were those who studied canon law to find the loopholes in it." (p.23). This condoning and use of usury by the hierarchy of the church created frustration within the followers of the church. This led to a division in the church and revolution. This corruption in the church led Martin Luther to address the corruption of the church thought writing down all the aspects of the church which he and others felt were corrupt. One example of an aspect that Luther thought was corrupt was the use of money and building for the church as a way of getting into heaven. The corruption of the church led to major frustration from the followers leading to reformation.

The religious preferences of the people had an effect on the society. When people had “unum sanctrum”, one church, there was one society and no separation. The church did not like people to challenge them as Martin Luther did in fear of separation. Luther’s actions led to the reformation of the church, splitting it into more the one religion and a split society. Secondly, some in society questioned the morality of buying privileges such as legitimacy for your child from the church. Parks shows that Cosmo had an illegitimate son and used his influences to have him in the church and later on the Bishop of Prato. This was another area of frustration to the followers of the church. This increased the desire for church reformation, hence leading to the Renaissance revolution.

The church had a huge influence on the economy of Florence. The church collected tithes from all over Italy. “The church demanded its tributes from all over Christendom” (p20), they believed that if you didn’t pay you would go to hell. This cause a major amount of the money to go to the church verses the government/ general economy. The government wanted to collect more taxes and have so mot the income that went to the church again feeding into the revolution. Secondly, the church believed that all being children of God the people should want to help each other therefore not charging each other interest. “Give, without hoping for gain”. (p.11). Business people and bankers were aggravated because this was stopping the earning of money. They had to work around church rules and attempt to elect popes that would ignore usury. All of these issues feed into the revolutionary movement.

The intellect of the people was affected by the spread of knowledge through religion. Luther spread his knowledge of corruption by posting 95 theses. These theses were then taken down and copied by a member of the printing press and then distributed. This spread the knowledge of the corruption in the church, therefore causing the splitting of the church. The intellect of the people was also affected by the translation of the Bible. The Bible was translated from Greek to Latin and then into German by Luther. The translation of the bible provided knowledge of religion for more people. These actions affected the intellect of church followers changing their views and adding to the move for revolution.

The church’s law of no usury effected politics. Business men and government leaders worked to make sure there was a pope who condoned usury. Parks shows this with the government in Florence banding any type of practice close to usury. They then worked to get Cosmo into political power so he could revoke the law against usury. If the political power had the support of the church they would have more power. The church has a lot of power and at this time they were not in complete agreement with they political leaders causing more desire for change.

As you can see, Religion is the strongest cause of the renaissance revolution. In and of itself religion is a strong motivation for reformation. It also ties into all of the other areas of p.e.r.s.i.a. causing more motivation for change.

Dr. Fautus

2007-09-05T16:31:00.000-07:00

I believe that the term "faustian bargain" means, a deal with a benificial short term outcome but long term negatice consequence. The term "faustian bargain" derices from the play Dr. Fautus. In the play Dr. Faustus clearly makes the faustian bargain. Faustus makes a deal with Mephastophilis, a worker for the devil. The deal was that Mephastphilis will serve Faustus for twenty-four years giving him faim, fourtune, riches and anything he disiers. In return Faustus must gice his soul to the devil. In the beginning Faustus thinks this deal is great but when it is time to pay his dues Faustus realizes that he will pay eternaly for his short term goals. In Dr. Faustus' bargain his shor term gails are gaining wealth, power, fame and knowledge. Faustus uses these powers to scare the pope by snatching the food and dishes from him while invisable, to make a knight grow horns for offending him, to summon Helen of Troy and to send people who he has used his powers against away. After Dr. Faustus uses his powers for his twent four years the devil comes for his soul and Faustus realizes the mistake he has made by making the bargain with the devil and repents just to have his sould takein by the devil like the deal said.

Book 4: Once And Future King

2007-08-24T15:03:00.000-07:00

Summary-
Agravaine and Mordred go to King Arthur to tell him of the affair between Lancelot and Guenevere. King Arthur informs them that no action will be taken until they can prove what they have told him. Agravaine and Mordred catch Lancelot in Guenevere's room thus proving the affair. Lancelot kills all of the knights with them except Mordred who he spares. Guenevere is sentence by Arthur to be burned. Lancelot saves Guenevere taking her to his castle where they were safe for six months. Lancelot and Guenevere get the Pope to create a peace treaty which would allow the Guenevere to go back to Arthur and Lancelot to be banished from England. Gawaine and Mordred convince Arthur to go to war against Lancelot to revenge the death of their brothers. While Arthur and Gawaine are away fighting Lancelot Mordred takes over England and marries Guenevere. Once Arthur hears this news he, Gawaine and Lancelot all return to England to fight Mordred. Arthur tells his story to a page in hope of his ideas living on.

Vocabulary-
Words I did not know the meaning of-
Matriarchal
Gaieties
Ardour
Vestments
Rheumaticky
Melee
Coiffure
Epaulettes
Masel
Atrophied

Words I founds interesting-
Willna- Will not
Dinna - Do not

Reaction/ Reflection-
Again I really enjoyed reading this book as well as the other three. I liked that Lancelot and Guenevere were not killed because of their affair. I like the ending with Mordred trying to take over England and then Lancelot running to help Arthur when he needed it. This to me was why I like Lancelot the best. This showed that he was a loyal person and was continuously friends with Arthur even through the hard times. I did not like Mordred for his intentions of taking over England while Arthur was still alive. I also did not like Agravaine who killed his mother. The plot was intriguing with battles, affairs and trapping. I did not particularly like the ending it to me did not seam like it made clear if they all really did die in the last battle and it did not tell how Arthur and Lancelot died, like it did in Le Mort d'Arthur. I do believe that White chose to ent the book this way because it let the reader fill in what they think will happen in the war. I thnk that this ending was hopeful. I believe this because White does not tell you if anyone dies in the war, which is hopeful to think that they may have lived through the war.

Book 3: Once and futur King

2007-08-14T14:17:00.000-07:00

Summary-
Lancelot goes to Camelot to meet with Arthur. While there, Lancelot falls in love with the Queen, Guenevere. He is also knighted to the round table while he was there. Lancelot leaves Camelot on a quest to escape falling in love with Guenevere. Lancelot travels through the land defeating any person who challenges him to tilt. Lancelot sends all of the people he defeats to the queen. Lancelot is tricked into conceiving a child with Elaine. When Elaine brings the child to Lancelot he runs away and becomes a mad man. Lancelot is found by Elaine and stays hidden for a few years by living with Elaine and their son. Lancelot is found in his castle by his brother and brought back to Camelot. When he returns Arthur sends the knights of the round table on a quest for the holy Grail. Years go by and knights return from their quest telling Arthur their story of the quest. Lancelot returns and tells Arthur of the men who had found the Holy Grail. When Lancelot returns he is a new man, one who will not be with the queen because he has found god. Lancelot is able to keep the Queen away for many years but when the queen is taken hostage Lancelot come running to save her and there love is re-united. Shortly after this Lancelot works a miracle to save a mans life.

Vocabulary-
Words I did not know the definition of.
Stinted -
Eccentric - a person with an unusual or odd personality
Poinard - Sharp blade
Meringues -
Tempestuously -
Habergeonoly -

Interesting words
Colouring - coloring
Honour - honor
Warrabout - where about
Heid - head
Makyth - make

Reaction/ Reflection
I did not find this book from The Once And Future King as interesting to read. I did like how Lancelot came into play to stir things up a bit. I did not like all of the stories on the search for the Holy Grail. I found these stories kind of boring to read but I think that White chose to inclued a lot of detail about them because it was a turning point for many of Arthurs knights, expecialy for Lancelot. This book also had a lot of trickery, of which I found interesting. I think that the death of Arthur and Guenevere will come in the next book and that there will be chaos in Camelot. Again I liked most of the characters except, Guenevere who cheated on Arthur and Elaine who tricked Lancelot into sleeping with her twice. In the end of this book Lancelot preforms a mirical but is unable ot take pleasure form it, I believe that is because Lancelot fells that his is unworthy of praise he is getting from the mirical. Again things in the book are seen in modern day. Such as Elaine playing a trick on Lancelot to get what she wanted and Guenevere cheating on Lancelot. These two things are seen a lot in modern day even if we don't want to admit that people cheat and trick people into doing what they want it does happen. I like how T.H. White refers to Le Morte d'Arthur to show how the two stories are similar.

Book 2: Once and Future king

2007-08-07T09:46:00.000-07:00

Summary-
The begining of this book introduces the four children of Queen Morgause and King Lot. These children strive for the attention of their mother who has gone on a hunt for a unicorn. The children hunt a unicorn and bring it back to their mother in hopes that she will spend more time with them. During this time, King Arthur is getting ready for the battle against King Lot. King Arthur beats King Lot in the battle and returns home for the wedding of King Pellinor and his Queen. The morning after the wedding Arthur and his half sister Queen Morgause conceive a son.

Vocabulary-
Words I did not know the definition of.
Nigromancer
Piseog
Pehnoncells
Peregrines
Teuton- someone (especially a German) who speaks a Germanic language
enmity- hostility: a state of deep-seated ill-will

Words I found interesting.
Maircy- Mercy
Whateffer- what ever
Axed- asked
Wan- one
Practise- Practice
Pecualiarity

Reaction / Reflection-
I still enjoyed reading this book but not as much as the first book of Once And Future King because I do not prefer to read about battles. I like how T.H. White refers to Le Morte d'Arthur and also explains things that you might not get. I still like the characters who have remained from book one and I also like the new characters that have been introduced except Queen Morgause. I do not like this character because I have a feeling that she is going to use this son against King Arthur later on in the book. The plot has continued to be intriging with battles, chasing unicorns and men dressing up like the Questing Beast. I predict that the round table will finally come together and that Lancelot will become on of the main characters that we see a lot of. Situations that I read about in the book are seen in modern day. Such as the children striving for there mothers attention and going out of their way to get that attention. Kids today still strive for their parents attention, it may be in other ways then unicorn hunting but it still happens. This treatment of the children has a hugely negative effect of the children, they were not nice to others and are starting to become rotten kids. The treatment of the sons make me happy to have two parents who care alot about me. I do feel sorry for these boys because every child should have a parent to give them attention. Another situation that is see in modern day is like Palomidies and Grummore dressing up like the Questing Beast to bring happiness to King Pellinor. Many people today again try to bring happiness to people in different ways but it is still done.

Summary of what I thought.

2007-08-07T08:54:00.001-07:00

I personlay did not like this book. I thought that the main audience was older then a sophmore in high school. Some of what Friedman had to say I found interesting, such as the McDonalds who sends their drive thru orders to other places to be taken and then the order is sent back completed in a matter of seconds. This book has shown me that the flat world will effect me and my generation in many ways. First, the flat world will cause us to have to compete with people from all over the world for our jobs/careers. We will have to find and pursue a job that will not be outsourced or offshored, the jobs that Friedman calls untouchables. To achieve these jobs we will have to have the right knowledge, skills, ideas and the self-motovation to seize and keep these jobs. Also because of the flat world, we will have to be very flexible workers and have good people skills. We will have to fit in somebody's supply chain and have the skills to do so. We will have to be collabotators, orchestrators, synthesizers, explainers, leveragers, adaptors, personalizers and localizers. Friedman says that to be these things we will have to "learn how to learn", bring curiosity and passion to our work , play well with others and improve our right-brain skills. Those are just some ways in which the flat world effects me and my generation.

To realize my goals there are certain things I will need from my teachers and parents. First, parents in the US will have to place more value and importance in their children acquiring a serious education. They should insist on a good educational program in which I/we am learning the right skills. They will have to make education a priority over sports and social life and they will have to set high expectaions for grades. Secondly, from teachers I will need an educational system in which I will be ready for the jobs that actualy exist in my society. My teachers will have to interest me in the subject that I will be needing such as math, science and engineering. Teachers will have to reorient what they are teaching to embed the tools and concepts of colaboration into the curriculum. They will also have to transform the educational systems to produce workers for new and different jobs that will actually exist. Since I am only 15 years old I am not completly sure what job I will choose or if my future will be "untouchable". I am sure that the job I choose will be like the lemonade guy, personalized with my own little touch. From Friedmans descriptions, I have some natural skills of an explainer, therefore I will choose a future which will incorporate and build on these skills. I believe that I embrace the flat world much more then the generation before me. I have been part of a generation who have used technology and am comfortable with the technology of the flat world. I believe that the only challange to the flat world would be getting the right education to be successful in a flat world and continueing to be flexible, open minded and to learn.

Is the flat world a good thing for America?

2007-08-07T08:41:00.001-07:00

The flat world holds positive things for America.

First, the flat world has positively effected American consumers, by allowing them to purchase cheaper goods and services. It has also allowed consumers to get those good and services online. For some this is more enjoyable, convienient and usually cheaper. It is also easier to comparison shop and read consumer reviews.

Secondly, the flat world has positively effected American producers and businesses. The flat world has allowed producers and businesses to have global markets, selling their goods and services all over the world. It has also helped their global communication become cheaper. Producers and buisnesses can now communicate with there investors all over the world cheaper. The flat world has also allowed producers and buisnesses to globally collaborate. It has also created increased collaboration and competition which drives businesses to improve.

Finally, the flat world has allowed for people to get knowledge, information, education and to stay personaly connected. First, the flat world has allowed all of these services faster and cheaper. Secondly, this has been a very good thing for Americans because it has allowed them to voice their own opinion and to view others opinions. Thirdly and most importiantly it has allowed Americans to communicate more easily. This is very importaint because many familys in American do not all live in the same area, most live in different parts of America or around the world. Familys also have children in college and the cheap communication has made it easier and cheaper for these people to communicate.

For a variety of reasons the flattening of the world is a good thing for America.

What are the potential negative consequences to a flat world?

2007-08-07T08:16:00.000-07:00

There are some potential negative consequences to a flat world.

Potential negative consequences include, outsourcing and offshoring which move jobs out of the country. Endangering low skilled jobs of which will be offshored or outsourced. Also, if we as Americans are not inovative and do not change our work force and education we could loose our place as a world economic leadership. Another consequence to the flat world would be the business compitition for cheaper goods creating jobs with less or no benefits. A good example of this is Walmart's employment practices. They have developed the best supply chain, offer low prices and earn a higher profit in part by offering their employees limited benefits and in most cases no health insurance. The last potential negative consequence would be that now every American child/worker is competing with every Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian child/worker for their job.

These potential negative consequences to the flat world would not have been seen if Americans had rolled up their sleeves and educated the young people the correct way. Because of this Americans are starting to see these potential negative consequences of a flat world.

The world is flat #2

2007-07-16T18:14:00.000-07:00

Technology has effected people personally, internationally and economically in many different ways. The development of technology has reshaped the world personally, internationallyand economically. Freidman discusses the ten forces that flatten the world and its effects on us personally, internationally and economically.
First, Netscape (web browsers and search engines) have allowed many benefits including, increase in ability to communicate, increased competition, products to be put online, for people and businesses to shop online and made things cheaper online. Internationally, Netscape has improved the worlds ability to collaborate, allowing business, government, inventors, scientists and many others to work together. It has also made an easier connection internationally. Netscape has personally has allowed people to immediately connect to knowledge and research and expres their own views(uploading). Economically Netscape has providede a place for individuals and businesses to advertise and sell their goods/services and led to the invention of pay pal, which makes it easier for people to purchase goods and easier for people to take payment for their goods.
Secondly, technology has allowed people to upload to the internet. Internationally this has created a platform of collaboration for people around the world to plug and play, compete and connect on knowledge, start companies and invent and sell goods and services. It has also internationally allowed everyone everywhere to put information online or access other information and others opinion's. Personally it has allowed people to blog and add knowledge online which is acessable to the whole world and search for knowledge/information easily and independently. Economically uploading has allowed people to post reviews on products to help the sale of the product.
Thirdly, technology has created the ability to outsource. Economically outsourcing has made companies more competitive because they can produce cheaper goods. It also provides new jobs in other countries and has allowed educated people to stay in their own countries. Due to increased jobs/income in growing countries world markets have grown creating a larger group of people to sell products to.
Next, technology has increased off shoring, sending products away to be made. Economically off shoring has created new jobs in other countries and companies to compete to produce cheaper goods. Again creating larger world markets. Internationally off shoring brings jobs to poor places where there is a need of jobs so labor cost are less. Creating cheaper goods and services for consumers.
Technology has increased and improved supply chaining. Technology allows the tracking of products needed for better supply chaining. Economically supply chaining creates a world with cheaper goods and allows stores to better stock their goods that are wanted. Internationally supply chaining makes supplies and goods available in global markets.
Technology has increased insourcing. Economically insourcing created new mid level jobs in business jobs such as Fed Ex deliverers, also becoming asssemblers and repair men. Internationally in sourcing helps international companies provide better service for their customers. Personally in sourcing quickens and makes local repairing easier and more available.
Next, technology has allowed the in-forming of people all over the world. Economically in-forming advertises products and aided the development of pay pal. Informing has also created new jobs. For example Google hires mathematicians to work on algorithms to bring up the best websites first.
Finally, technology has created what Friedman calls the steroids. Personally the steroids have allowed you to have quick connection to knowledge, it allows you to share info, music and improved technology. The steroids also allows calls over the net cheaper and also they allow computers to connect with others who have a different language.
Overall, technology has allowed people personally, internationally and economically to connect, communicate, gain knowledge and buy and sell cheaper goods.

What is "convergence" as friedman describes it? Why is it importaint?

2007-07-16T18:01:00.000-07:00

There are three pieces to convergence as Friedman describes it. They include the ten flatteners coming together, alligning businesses horizontally versus veritically and three billion people from arounf the world joining business production.
The first piece is the ten flatteners coming together to flatten the playing field for businesses. This created a new global platform for people to educate communicate, collaborate and work together. Friedman believes that these ten forces are now well established and working together like complimentary goods making a whole new global platform.
The second piece is businesses and individuals alligning horizontally not vertically. For example, H.P. demonstrates this with the consolidation of their supply chains. They had 87 different supply chains all with their own staff and administration, however they now have reduced to only five supply chains wiht one staff cpmleting tasks such as accounting, billing and human resources versus one for each supply chain. This also forces employees, companies and individuals to acquire new skills. Friedman discusses South West Arline e-ticket process and how this process had helped South West Airlines improve but not himself until he became educated to the e-ticket process and realized he could print his ticket at home saving himself time and South West Arlines the staff person to print the ticket.
The third piece to Friedman's convergence is three billion people from China, Russia, India, Eastern Europe and Latin America joining the business production world. For the most part these folks have not been competing with us before. It brings a huge number of people into the world market for competition of jobs, resources and products. Friedman feels that this is the most important piece of convergence. Convergence is very important because now innovation will come from all over the world not just America.

Once and Future King: Book One

2007-07-15T19:48:00.000-07:00

Summary:
The sword in the stone was about a boy named Art, the second son of Sir Ector. Art goes on a quest in the forest Savage, to find a tutor. Art finds an old man named Merlyn who agrees to go home with Art and be his tutor. Merlyn stays for many years teaching Art by changing him into various animals, vegetables and minerals of which Art wanted to know about. Myrlyn also sends him on various quest all of different meaning. Word comes of the death of the King and a sword that is thrust through an anvil and stone. Upon this sword is the inscription, "Whoso pulleth out this sword of this stone and anvil is rightwise King born of all England." Art is sent to retrieve Kay's sword when he finds the door to the hotel locked. Art then rides to the sword in the stone and pulls the sword from the stone. He brings the sword to Kay when Sir Ector notices what sword it is and demands Art to put the sword back in the stone and take it back out many times until he is declared king of all England.

Vocabulary-
Words I did not know:
Jerkin- a close-fitting hip-length usually sleeveless jacket
Astrolabe- An astrolabe is an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky.
Melancholy- an abnormal state attributed to an excess of black bile and characterized by irascibility or depression
Rheumatism- any of various conditions characterized by inflammation or pain in muscles, joints, or fibrous tissue
Conglomerations
Scombre
Conundrum- a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun
Fritillaries
Anachronism- a chronological misplacing of persons, events, objects, or customs in regard to each other
Morosely- having a sullen and gloomy disposition
Imperceptibly- not perceptible by a sense or by the mind
These words i did not know what these words meant and had to look them up as I was reading. A few words I was unable to find the definitions for.
Words I found interesting:
Liddle
Measter
I found these words interesting because of there spelling.

Reaction and Reflection-
I have liked this book the most out of the books I have read this summer. I find it an easy and enjoyable read. I predict that if this book by TH White is anything like the packet assigned Arthur will grow to become a great king. I also predict that he will establish the round table with twelve knights, some of which he will like better then others. He will also fight many knights and go on many other quests and adventures. I also believe that many more characters will be introduced in the second book. So far I have found Merlyn and Arthur to be the characters I have liked. I like how Merlyn teaches Arthur, by sending him on various journeys, quests and also turning him into different animals. I like how Arthur is always willing to learn about nature and willing to go on the different quest and journeys that he is sent on. A character whom I did not like very much was Kay. Kay was always the one who would talk down to Arthur because Kay was the older son. Kay was also very self centered character, but without him being self centered Arthur may never have had a reason to pull the sword from the stone and become king. TH White's characters were not always realistic and made the book interesting and fun to read. This book by TH White is very similar to the beginning of Le Mort d'Arthur by Thomas Malory. The plot is very similar where Arthur is sent away to live with Sir Ector and spends his childhood with Sir Ector. Arthur then pulls the sword from the stone and becomes king. There are only slight differences in the technicalities of the story in the amount of time and the message on the Anvil is slightly different but has the same meaning. I hope that the plot and characters of the next three books in Once and Future King are as good as the first book.

Le Mort d'Arthur

2007-07-15T15:20:00.000-07:00

Summary-
The first few pages of Le Mort D'Arthur describe the legend of King Arthur and how it began. In these pages it also describes the changes of the legend and who they were made by. It then goes into the legend of King Arthur by Thomas Malory. Merlin arranges for the upbringing of King Uther's first son, Arthur. Arthur lives out his childhood with Sir Ector and his son Kay. When Uther dies Britain goes into chaos until a sword is placed into a stone with the with the inscription “Whoso pulleth oute this swerd of this stone and anvyld is rightwys kynge borne of all Brytaygne”. Arthur pulls the sword from the stone and is named king of Britain. Arthur fights a number of battles to prove that he is the rightful king of Britain. Arthur then marries Gwynevere and establishes the twelve knights of the round table. Sir Launcelot and Sir Lyonel leave for an adventure when Sir Lyonel gets captured by sir Tarquin. Sir Tarquin then captures Sir Ector while Sir Launcelot was captured by four Queens. He refuses to choose one of the queens and he escapes by agreeing to help King Bagdemagus. He defeats all of Knights in the tournament and continues on his way to find adventure. He defeats many knights and frees many knights in captivity. Launcelot returns to Camelot to become the most famous knight at King Arthur's court. Arthur then went to fight Sir Launcelot. While he was away, Sir Modred faked the death of King Arthur. Arthur and Modred fight. Sir Gawain dies and Arthur and Modred plan to sign a peace treaty the next day. At the signing, a soldier raises his sword and the armies attack. Sir Modred is killed by King Arthur and King Arthur is wounded in the head. King Arthur is then sent across the water.

Vocabulary-
Words I did not know the meaning of:
Prerogative- an exclusive or special right, power, or privilege
Royal Seneschal- person in charge of a royal household in medieval times. The royal seneschal held a position of consideration power and responsibility.
Copse- Grove of trees
Ninescore- one hundred eighty
Barony- Nobles of the lowest rank
Scaffold- A temporary or movable platform for workers to stand or sit on when working at a height above the floor or ground.
Vouchsafed- to grant as a privilege or special favor
Words I found interesting:
Whoso
Pulleth
Oute
Swerd
Anvyld
Rightwys
Kynge
Brytaygne

Reactions-
I liked this packet and found that it was easy to read and understand. There were a select few words that I did not know the meaning of but the packet gave most of those definitions for me so I did not have to look them up. I found this packet very informative and I hope that it will not spoil the story Once and Future King. The plot and characters were both fairly easy to follow and made the packet enjoyable to read.

What does Friedman mean by "the world is flat"?

2007-07-06T16:08:00.000-07:00

When Friedman says "the world is flat" he is not trying to say that Christopher Columbus' discovery of a round world is incorrect. What Thomas L. Friedman means by "the world is flat" , is that technology today is leveling the turf for individuals, businesses and countries. Technology has created the link that allows companies, businesses and people to outsource, in source, offshore, inform, upload and to have better supply chaining. This is connecting the world giving individuals, companies, businesses and countries equal power. The development of technology is changing the way the world will compete for jobs, business, communication services and power. People around the world now have more equal opportunities- thus creating a flatter world.