English 11: Week 1: Tlingit Indians

Two of the people first introduced in this book, Garvey and Edwin, are part of the Tlingit Indian tribe. I have no previous knowledge of this tribe so I made my first post about them. In all of the sites that I looked at they all supported the Tlingit tribe being from Alaska and mainly Southeast Alaska. This is seen in the book on the first page with Cole being sent to and exclusive island in Southeast Alaska as a punishment. The Tlingit tribe has mainly lived by the ocean for their whole existence. They find their main food source in the ocean whether it is fish from the sea and near by streams and rivers to the sea mammals. Many of the Tlingit members build their houses closed to the rivers and streams so they have the salmon in the water and close to them for fishing. The Tlingit Indians not only spent their time fishing and gathering food, they also worked on building their homes and canoes, making baskets and carving totem poles. The Indians obtained the wood to build and create all of these goods with the trees in their own back yard. (because I started and finished this book today i know that the totem poles will carry a very important role in this book with Petter and Cole) The Tlingit heirlooms represent the ancestors of the clan and they are mainly animals that the ancestors have came in contact with. The heirlooms are used in rituals to honor their ancestors. In the rituals there are many dances that represent different things such as animals or emotions of the tribe. (Again this will connect with the book with Cole and his dances of the animals) The Tlingit culture believed that the bear signified the relationship between animals and humans, because of their belief in this close relation the Tlingit Indians rarely killed bears.



Sources
"The Tlingit Nation." Native American People/Tribes. Apr. 2005. 29 June 2008 .

"The Tlingit of the Northeast Coast." American Indians in the Natural World. 1998. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 29 June 2008 .


"Tlingit." Feb.-Mar. 2000. 29 June 2008 .

The American Revolution
Heidi Wyman

6-12-08

When looking at a Revolution we consider what battles occurred, who led those battles and who won the battles, we do not always consider what was required of the leadership qualities needed to make the revolution possible. We don't consider the need of collaboration between leaders that it takes to create a revolution. The American Revolution had many leaders, including George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison who all worked together. These men had many qualities that when all put together got us through the war, revolution and into a working constitution of laws.

One of the qualities required of a leader during a war is the ability to speak in public and to persuade people. John Adams shows his speaking and persuasive abilities in the Continental Congress meetings. In the first Continental Congress, Adams addresses the issue of independence from Britain, has a strong argument but takes it a little too personal. Adams recognizes his mistake and creates a stronger argument that persuades the majority of the Continental Congress members to agree to a war to gain their independence. Part of John Adams tactic was to appoint George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. This gave Adams the support from all those who supported Washington. Joseph Ellis describes Adams as "the indefatigable orator of independence in the Continental Congress". Adams was not the only founding father with this trait; Madison also had the ability to persuade people. Jefferson said he was against running for president after Washington had been in office. However, Madison was very persistent and persuasive and talked Jefferson into running for president under one condition; Jefferson was to know nothing about his campaign and he would deny it if he was ever asked. Once Jefferson was in office, Madison had great influence over all of Jefferson's choices. Although he could persuade Jefferson, Madison realized that Jefferson was the superior figure in their relationship and let Jefferson know that he realized that in a letter to Jefferson. "I shall always receive your commands with pleasure," Madison wrote to Jefferson in 1794, "and shall continue to drop you a line as occasions turn up." (1) This quality of persuasion was essential because the leaders needed to convince people to take action and revolt against status quo, and to get others to do what was needed.

Another trait of a successful leader is commitment. Commitment is choosing a cause or position and completely supporting it and remaining loyal to your positions/belief. The founding father who was the most dedicated to one cause through the revolution is John Adams. John Adams spent his entire life committed to the American Revolution. Adams made American independence his life's project. Adams first step to helping America gain Independence is his help leading the opposition against the Stamp Act. This was just one of the contributions Adams made to the American Revolution. From 1765 on, Adams joined the opposition party to every aspect of British acts on the American Colonies. Adams was so dedicated to his cause he was in a fight with his cousin Samuel Adams whom did not support the revolution. His next move was to lobby for Washington to head the Continental Army and he selected Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. These two choices were to lock in Virginia’s support for the American Revolution. In 1777, Adams was sent to join Franklin in Paris to convince the French to join the colonies effort for independence from Britain. Adams worked out a peace treaty with France that would end the War with Britain. Adams went on to become the vice president and the president of the United States. For Adams, "American Independence became his ministerial calling, a mission he pursued with all the compressed energy of a latter-day Puritan pastor whose congregation was the American people." (1) This was a very important trait because to gain followers people have to trust/see that you are committed, believe in the cause and then are influenced to believe themselves.

A good leader must have good character. A leader with good character includes, being honest, caring, courageous and respectful. George Washington was the ideal man to show this quality. "Honor mattered because character mattered. And character mattered because the fate of the American experiment with republican government still required virtuous leaders to survive."(1) Washington was a very caring, honest and respectful man. Washington's biggest moment of good character was his retirement. George Washington had two main reasons for retiring from office, first, Washington was getting negative press and conversation and Washington was very hurt by this. The talk was addressing the issue of him trying to become a King. Washington simply replied that "these attacks, unjust and unpleasant as they are, will occasion no change in my conduct; nor will they work any other effect in my mind." (1) This quote from Washington makes you have great respect for him, he is telling in a subtle the people that their comments about him are incorrect and that if they keep publishing them then it will not affect him. Washington also had another reason for retiring from office, he did not want to set the precedent of the president dieing in office. Washington wanted to make a difference between the American government and the European monarchies. He wanted to convey the message "that presidents, no matter how indispensable, were inherently disposable."(1) Character was a very important quality during the Revolution and development of the new government. The people of the colonies had to believe in and support leaders and new government and wanted leaders with strong character.

Leaders during the time of the revolution also had to be sneaky, self serving and ruthless. Jefferson was the man who had no heart; he was never any one persons friend and was always worried about himself. This is best seen with his relationship with Washington. When Washington made a speech about the Whiskey Rebellion being a threat to the authority of the Federal government and sent the militia to control the rebellion, Jefferson went against his speech. Washington and Jefferson had been on safe terms with each other until this event. Jefferson began to mock Washington's speeches saying they were “shreds of stuff from Aesop's fables and Tom Thumb." and that Washington himself was "an unknowing and somewhat pathetic accomplice, like an overages "captain in his cabin" who was sound asleep while "rogue of a pilot (presumably Hamilton)" has run them into an enemy's port." Jefferson would speak these issues with his fellow Republicans. Eventually these statements got back to Washington, hurting him. Jefferson was very sneaky with his ways of distributing his thoughts on Washington and had only one thing in mind while he was spreading these ideas. Jefferson wanted to get Washington out of office so he could become the president. This trait is definitely not an admirable one but it at times was one necessary when trying to become a leader.

The most important quality of a leader is the ability to collaborate with others. The American Revolution was essentially the result of five great leaders collaborating to further the movement away from Britain, towards independence. There were many great collaborators during the American Revolution. One group to collaborate was Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. These three men, although not friends, came together at a dinner to discuss their issues. James Madison wanted the capitol of the colonies moved to the Potomac Valley; Hamilton did not support this choice. Alexander Hamilton wanted his plan of assumption to pass, while Madison was against this idea and spoke frequently of his dislike of the plan. Jefferson was in essence the peace maker of this situation. Jefferson was successful at getting these two men together to create a political bargain of great significance; Madison agreed to keep quiet about his disagreement with the assumption plan and in return Hamilton agreed to use his influence to get the capitol built in the Potomac Valley. This collaboration was one of the greatest; not only did these men collaborate to create the plan of agreement they followed through with their plan and the assumption act was passed and the capitol was moved to the Potomac Valley.

Another example of collaboration was George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. This was fundamentally the best and most effective collaboration of the whole Revolution. The collaboration started when John Adams strategically lobbied for George Washington to head the Continental army and hand picked Thomas Jefferson to write the Deceleration of Independence. The first part of this collaboration gained the support from Virginia and the surrounding states, for the Revolution. This collaboration in the Continental Congress led to George Washington and the Continental army defeating the British, gaining the independence for the colonies. This collaboration also led to the writing and signing of the Declaration of Independence the formally declared colonial Independence.

A third great collaboration in the Revolution was James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. These two men were opposites; Madison was less sweeping in his intellectual style, more careful and precise, the prose to Jefferson's poetry, Jefferson was temperamentally different then Madison, he was ruthless and did not care what people thought and he was never clam. These differences made the Madison-Jefferson collaboration smooth and silently effective. Jefferson and Madison bonded together to help Virginia, the Revolution and to bring Jefferson to presidency. In this relationship, Madison did not have the reputation of Jefferson and could not run himself so he did all of the dirty work to allow Jefferson to become president. Once Jefferson is president; Madison is not in office but still has great influence over a president. Madison wanted to give Jefferson no chance to protest against running for the succession of Washington.

All of the qualities were important to creating a revolution and establishing a new government. However, the American Revolution would not have happened without collaboration between the leaders of the time. It took the effort of Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, Washington and Adams to create the biggest change the colonies would ever face. Although the interaction/relationships were not always pleasant or even friendly, the collaborations and relationships worked as a whole to get the colonies through a war, revolution and the making of the laws.

Citations

1.) Ellis, Joseph J. Founding Brothers. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.

War or No War?

Heidi Wyman

5-14-08

Abstract: In this essay I will use a form of propaganda to persuade you to go to war with Britain. I will use Wikipedia, Nokomis Honors 10 class notes and USHistory.org. This is important because the American Revolution would not have happened based just on the British Acts themselves. It was the propaganda that persuaded most of the people to consent to the American Revolution.

I, Maximum Unrepresented, write to you about our current standing with the British. We have come to a fork in the road, we must choose do we work to make peace or do we go to war? The answer is simple, to me we must fight to defend our honor, our rights and to obtain independence. I know you loyalists would argue that we need to stay on good terms with the fellow British people, but why are you living so far away from Britain if you want to live just like them. It is only natural for a colony so far away from its homeland to want independence.

The British have violated us to many times over the past few years, starting with the Stamp Act. The British have decided to place a tax on all of our newspapers, pamphlets, and other public and legal documents. These articles are all required to have either a stamp or British seal on them. This was only the first of all the taxes and acts the British planned to enforce upon us. The British want money back from the Seven Years War and decided that the we would have to pay our debt one way or another. The British then inflicted the Sugar(molasses,wine) act upon us. Not only did we have to pay a tax on our paper, we have to pay a three cent tax on all foreign refined sugar. The British have also increased tax on coffee, indigo and certain kinds of wine. We were already in a state of economic depression because of the British and now we have to pay a three cent tax to print our beliefs and to put sugar in our coffee or tea.

The British have closed the port of Boston of "landing and discharging, loading or shipping, of goods, wares, and merchandise" until such time as restitution was made to the king's treasury. Paying them back for all that we have lost is an absurd concept. This closed off all of the Massachusetts connections with any foreign trade. It also reduced the Massachusetts supplies greatly, leaving them with very little to live off. This act drew help from sister colonies and we ask for that help again for a final attack on Britain. They then decide that we were not capable of choosing our own leaders and passes an acts stating that they have the right to pick the leaders of the colonies. With this act they have completely take away our say in things that are going to happen to us. They are becoming more in control of us every act they pass.

The British did not just stop at these four acts, they wanted to control everything that we do. They tell us that we must house and feed British soldiers, under the Quartering Act. Not only are the British attacking our economy, they are making it personal attacks on our colonists. These British soldiers do not have any respect for the people they are living with and take advantage of them and their children. Our economy has taken another hit with these men in our homes, we must provide them with food that has been taxed by the British government, decreasing the amount of money we have to provide our own homes with food. The British have passed an act stating that they, "had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America...in all cases whatsoever." This act has provided the British with the power to make new acts that control our every move, we will have no rights to do anything they do not want us to do, if we let them continue.

The British have made several attacks personally on Massachusetts. First the British soldiers killed 5 colonial men in the Boston Massacre, and when on trial these men got a slap on the hand for their killing, by only getting their thumbs branded and then they were set free. This is not justice for what Boston had to suffer in that fight. Us as Colonies have to join together to fight for what we think is right, our independence. We have to stand against the British Government and declare war to obtain what our ancestors came to colonies for.

WE MUST STOP THE BRITISH FROM:

- Over taxing with no representation

- Inflicting huge consequences

- Destroying our economy

- Choosing our leaders

- Housing British soldiers in our homes

- Making our laws

- Splitting apart the colonies

- Expanding Westward

- Taking away our Independence

Sources

http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/sugaractdef.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts

http://www.ushistory.org
http://www.loyalamericanregiment.org/propaganda.htm

http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter2000/loyalists.html

Dear Posterity,

America has there leaders. They provide them with great structure some times, but at other times they put their people in grave danger. These leaders lead them to the Iraq war. During the flourish of war they have lost many citizens of which they can never bring back and spent wasteful dollars that need never be spent. The American soldiers see war as something only needed when it is extremely necessary, while the leaders are encouraging war under false pretences. Our leaders are simply just the most oil-thirsty of mankind.

AT the current time, America is at war with Iraq. There have been many men killed during the 6 years we have been at war with Iraq and current Americans ask why the war was started? Bush must have been protecting us when he launched attacks against a country he himself stated had nothing to do with the terrorist attacks on September 11Th. But the death of three thousand American citizens needed retaliation. We will start the war on suspicion, but no evidence of, "weapons of mass destruction" and we wont take into account the trillion dollar oil reservations they plan to build in Iraq or the current oil reserves we wished to acquire from Iraq. We depend on oil like an alcoholic depends on his drink. We have the right to blast into their country and kill the majority of their people because they don't have weapons of mass destruction. We state that we are staying in this country to restore structure and government, to bring them to a democracy. My advice is not being taken into consideration of, a penny saved is a penny earned. We are not taking into account the predicted three thousand dollars this war is going to cost the country and its people. We are also not taking into account that we are spending this money in a country that is not appreciating our help towards democracy. Should we be worried about the near future or the future of posterity?

America was hit on September 11, 2001, with a terrorist attack that killed three thousand citizens. This attack would not be left unpunished and we declared war against Iraq. The leaders of our country told us we were going to war because Iraq had "weapons of mass destruction". Now we say weapons of mass destruction where? Not there. Evidence provided showed us that our leaders knew that there were no weapons that could hurt the United States, yet we still declared war. I being an honest man do not support this trickery. We enter their country and we don't find any weapons, but we stay there and decided that we will take over there form of government and change it to a democracy. Was this the effort to maintain a close watch on the oil production in Iraq or for the good of Iraq citizens? We will never know.

Now we pose the question of how long we are going to be there? Our leaders have set us up to stay in this war for many more years. Our upcoming leaders also believe in staying in the war. What are we going to win from this war? A country that despises us for destroying them and killing many of their people. What is the value of this war for America. My advice to you is to be always employed in something useful, cut off all unnecessary actions.

"There was never a good war or a bad peace"

B. Franklin

Time line of change
Heidi Wyman
3-20-08

Abstract: In this paper, I will show how the contact between the Native Americans and Europeans between the founding of Jamestown and the outbreak of the American Revolution constituted a continuous cultural revolution for the Native Americans. I will support this thesis using The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson. This theses is important because it shows how the Europeans really changed the lifestyle of the Native Americans.

Contact between Native Americans and Europeans between the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776 constituted a continuous cultural revolution for Native Americans. The Europeans had such an impact on the Native Americans that it caused great change in their religion, culture, tools and trade. These changes either killed the Native Americans or brought them closer to the European culture. Although the Europeans had a huge impact on the Native Americans, there were some aspects of the Native American life that they could not change.

Trade has been a major part of the relation between the Native Americans and Europeans, it was the basis for there interaction and relationship. The Native Americans started trading with French settlers in the 1500's trading fur from fox, marten, mink and otter, for tools and weapons from the French. This trade changed the Native American culture by the introducing of weapons that were not hand made from natural materials. Prior to this Native Americans relied on what htey could produce from their own environment. When the Jamestown settlers came, the Native Americans trading was altered again. Native Americans were no longer just trading fur but also fresh meat, maize, berries, other foodstuffs and beaver pelts with the Europeans. The Native Americans traded their goods for cloth, trinkets, iron tools and utensils. This altered the Native American culture because they were no longer just hunting food for themselves, they were also hunting the food they needed to trade to gain European goods. A move away from only hunting what they needed to survive. The Native Americans saw this trade as a ceremonial gift exchange that allowed them to bring the Europeans into their world of equality. For the Europeans, these ceremonial gifts made for a very profitable international trade. The trading of tools led Native tribes who were not trading with the Europeans to fear those who were. Trading meant new weapons for those who were trading, this put the tribes who were not trading in danger. The nature of trading again changed when the Pilgrims came. The Native Americans would trade their surplus of land, fur and pelts for the Pilgrims steel blades, farming tools, trim clothing, warm blankets, glass and metal containers and ornaments. At the time of the Pequot war, the Native Americans stopped trading with the Europeans and relied on other countries for trade. As more and more settlers came to America, there were more groups of settlers from different countries to trade with. This was beneficial to the Native Americans because it gave them a constant source of people to trade with. If they went to war with a group, they would shift their trade to another. At first, some of the trade was helpful for the settlers. They needed help from the Native Americans to learn about the their new environment and primarily to trade food for survival in the beginning. However, soon the Native Americans were a large group of people to trade with for profit, and trade was used to manipulate tribes to get land. The Europeans also used trade to kill the Native Americans. James Wilson show us this in his book The Earth Shall Weep in an example of retaliation from the English on the Native Americans. " In response, Amherst resolved to 'punish the delinquents with entire destruction,' instructing that 'no prisoners' should be taken and initiating a primitive kind of germ warfare with the order 'to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes.'" [5] The English attempt was successful they "gave them smallpox-infected blankets from the fort hospital as a token of esteem." [5] The small pox would spread through the tribe killing all of their people. This weakened the tribe so their land could be taken.

The Native American were a group of people who survived off the land and with a religion that focused primarily on nature. They had many traditions and ceremonies in their religion. These traditions and ceremonies honor certain times of the year and their gods. Ceremonies include "feasts, music, dances and other performances" [4 ] by the tribes. Another part of Native American religion before the Europeans, include symbolism that represent certain ideas, characteristics and spirits of the tribe. Animals were often used for these symbols. Native Americans religion was based on oral myths that are passes down from one religion to another explaining how their society had come to be. Some Native American Tribes lived together in one house, these tribes would work as one and are all equal. When Jamestown came to be, it changed the culture of the Native Americans. Native Americans started to use tools from the Europeans changing their way of living off the land. Most of the Jamestown settlers were Christians and they wanted to convert the Indians to Christianity. They were partially successfully and some Native Americans converted into the European ways and were put in Praying Towns. They were taught the English language and had English schooling. The settlers realized that not many of the Indians wanted to convert to their culture and they started to push them from their land. Again, altering the Native American culture by stripping them of the land they were once a part of. Trade with the Jamestown settlers effected the tribes they were trading with and other tribes around them. The metal tools being traded affected enemies and neighbours who were at a disadvantage because they did not have the new tools. When an outbreak of small pox swept through the Native American tribes, many Native Americans converted to Christianity because the Europeans were not getting sick. James Wilson gives and example of this in his book The Earth Shall Weep, he states that the Native Americans " interpreted the epidemics as a proof of the Europeans' greater spiritual power.... This belief in the newcomers' religious potency - reinforced by the fact that so few Europeans seemed to be affected by the Epidemics - led to a number of deathbed conversions to Christianity." They believed that their culture was pleasing their god and he was rewarding them because of their behavior. However of course this was an inaccurate belief as the Europeans had an immunity to small pox having nothing to do with pleasing a god. The Native American lives were again changed when the Pilgrims came to America. The Indians now would work with the tools provided from the Pilgrims, pulling them farther away from there original tradition of simply just living off the land. The Pilgrims again made the attempt to convert the Indians to Christianity. They were more successful then the Jamestown settlers but again not completely successful. The Native Americans had a positive relationship with the Pilgrims causing them to adapt and change their culture to work with the Pilgrims culture. The Native Americans now learned part of the English language and culture. Their stories and Myths were more and more becoming like the English Myths and stories. The next major change in the Native American culture and religion came with the Pequot wars. These wars pushed the Native Americans to establish a form of currency. The Native Americans had a great loss and realized that the only way of surviving was to accept and mold to the European culture. This again made their religion and culture more and more like the Europeans. These were the major changes in the Native American culture during the time between the Jamestown settlement and the American Revolution caused by the English Europeans.

During the late 1600's and early 1700's the Hotinonshonnie, a League of Five ( later six) Nations, were changed by the French and British settlers. The Hotinonshonnie had peace treaties and traded with the French. In 1636 because of contact with the French, the tribe got a disease which killed at least half of the Hotinonshonnie tribes. This disease killed both the elderly, who contained the knowledge of the tribe, and the young who were the future of the Hotinonshonnie. The French tried to change the Hotinonshonnie by attempting to split the 5 nations. This was unsuccessful and the Hotinonshonnie people converted to Catholicism and moved to French missions in Canada. Not only were the Hotinonshonnie creating peace with the French, they were in good relation with the British and the English. Their culture was changing again as they learned to manipulate the settlers around them. They used the French against the British to keep their peace treaty. The positive relation between the British and Native Americans helped them maintain their culture as long as they could.

Even though the Europeans greatly influenced the Native Americans there were some aspects of their culture that the Europeans could not change. The first cultural aspect that was unchanged by the Europeans was sacred ceremonial cycle and other aspects of the Native American traditional life. [5] James Wilson tell us that Skanyadariyon, a Native American leader, was able to reserve these rights for the Native Americans through a new code, the Gai'wiio or good message. [5] Today we see this still in the Native Americans who have been forced onto reservations, they still work to maintain their beliefs from their traditional life. The second cultural aspect of Native American life that did not change was their leadership. Through this time period the Native Americans never became citizens of the King, they kept their traditional leadership and social structure with everyone staying equal. A third aspect of the Native American culture that remained unchanged was their oral history. Native Americans never had a form of writing and always learned their history from their elders who carried their oral history. They maintained this practice throughout this time period. We would have known more about the Native Americans point of view if their experiences had been documented by them. Although the Europeans caused revolution for the Native Americans, these aspects listed above remained unchanged leaving us with a picture of how the first people of America lived.



Sources
1.http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h27-am.html
2.http://emayzine.com/lectures/furtrade.html
3. http://www.pcmaf.org/fur_trade.htm

4.http://www.indians.org/articles/native-american-religion.html

5. Wilson, James. The Earth Shall Weep. New York: Grove P, 1998. 1-131.

Jamestown Vs. Plymouth
Heidi Wyman
2-4-08

Abstract: This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between the Jamestown and Plymouth/Massachusetts colonies interactions with the Native Americans. I will source Wikipedia, The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson and Encarta. This topic is very important because these similarities and differences led to how we see the founders of our country.

When looking at the foundation of America, we look at the Pilgrims. We see a group of people who traveled from England to form a new world where they were free from English rule. We see these people as our founders but in fact they were not the first permanent settlers in North America. The Jamestown settlement was established thirteen years prior to the pilgrims landing in North America. We do not see these settlers of Jamestown as the founders of our country primarily because of different relationships each colony developed. We want to think and believe our country was based on the more peaceful relationship the pilgrims developed with Native Americans.

The foundation of Jamestown in 1607 signified the first permanent English settlement in North America. Three ships, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed and the Discovery all led by Captain Christopher Newport, brought 105 English settlers to Virginia, where they would soon find Jamestown. These settlers were looking for the same success in America that Spain had previously in South America. The main reason for the settlement in North America for these people was profit. They wanted to find gold and other valuable goods, they wanted to locate a north passage to Asia, trade with the indigenous population and force them into a pliant labor force, as the Spanish had done. [3] They chose to land in Jamestown for its position, it provided a good area of defense from other European forces that would come by water. After they settled, they found out why the land was unoccupied by the Native Americans. There was an abundance of mosquitoes, the water was undrinkable, hunting was very limited and the animals were all quickly hunted leaving them with no food. The land did not provide them with any soil that could be farmed again creating a lack of food. These conditions led to saltwater poisoning, infection, fevers, disease and starvation, killing half of the settlements people. A second factor that contributed to the high death rate was their inability to do manual and skilled labor, again leaving them with no food. The Native Americans first reaction to the English settlers was hostility. However, eventually they offered their food and hospitality to the English. The Jamestown settlement became very dependent on the Native Americans for there food supply. When the Native Americans stopped providing them with food cooperatively, the English took what they needed by force. The Native Americans again showed hostility toward the English and eventually started to attack the settlement, killing animals and burning the crops. Through the next ten years the English returned attacks on the Native Americans, carrying out search and attack raids, burning Native villages and crops and capturing natives. This pattern of relationship with native Americans was repeated throughout Native America leading to the demise of the Indians.

In 1620, a second group of English people came to North America to form the next permanent settlement. These people are known today as the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims fled from England because of religious persecution, they felt the church violated biblical principles of true Christians. The Pilgrims first went to the Netherlands where they could establish their own church that would be supported and enforced by their own state. They brought only their culture and spiritual beliefs to the new world, making it their own. One hundred and two English people set sail for North America on the Mayflower hoping to reach Virginia. Due to storms during their voyage, the Pilgrims ended up in Cape Cod where they established the Plymouth settlement. The settlers were unprepared and did not know how to live through the winters in North America, causing over half of the population to die before the spring. By the next winter, the Native Americans and the Pilgrims had a very peaceful relationship. Squanto helped the Natives and Pilgrim communicate with each other. The Natives taught the English settlers how to build homes that would stand the cold winters, how and when to plant maize and how to cook that maize. With the good relationship that developed between the Pilgrims and Natives they were able to set up a peace treaty. In the treaty, each side promised to live in peace and support the other if attacked. [8] The good relation between the Pilgrims and the natives also let three natives live among the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims had a much better relationship with the Native Americans then any other colony. Even though they had a better relation with the natives they still ended up at war. King Philip's war started with Sassamon bringing word of the Native American plan to attack the English. Sassamon is murdered and three Native Americans were arrested. The first action was taken by the Pokanket who attacked Swansea, a small English settlement. The war spread and included both the Podunk and Nipmuck tribes. There were many battles between the Native American tribes and the colonists some included the attacks at Middleborough, Dartmouth, Mendon, Brookfield and Lancaster. The war continued until 1677, over 600 colonists and 3,000 Native Americans were killed during war, several hundred Native Americans were captured and executed or sold to slavery.

These two groups of people may have come to the new world from the same country but they had many differences. The Pilgrims and the Jamestown settlers had very different reasons for coming to North America. The settlers from Jamestown came to the new world mostly for profit; they wanted to be successful like the Spanish. The Pilgrims were never thinking about money when they came to North America. The pilgrims came to the new world for a place where they could establish their own church away from England. These motives greatly show how much the two civilizations were different. A second difference comes with the relations between the natives and the settlers of the two colonies. Jamestown never had a strong relation with the natives. One of there intentions when coming to America, was to force the natives into labor like the Spanish had before them. Once on the settlement, they stole food from Natives causing a hostile environment with the Native Americans. The pilgrims had a mutually accepting relationship with the Native Americans. They worked with the Natives to learn how to live off the land in Plymouth; they also allowed Indians to live with them to help them live in the new world. The pilgrims also had a good enough relation with the Indians to have a peace treaty. This treaty stated that both groups would live in peace and support the other if ever being attacked by and outside force. Jamestown settlers were never able to acquire a peace treaty with the Indians. These differences greatly set the Pilgrims and Jamestown settlers apart from each other.

The two colonies also had some similarities. Both of these colonies were unprepared for the climate and land conditions of North America. Due to the settlers not being prepared, over half of both civilizations died from starvation and disease. The starvation led the English to rely on the Native Americans for their food supply. Some people may argue that the Plymouth settlers were not dependent on the Indians, but in truth the Plymouth settlers were very dependent on the Wampanoag ’s for many things including not only food but knowledge as well. They created a good relation with the Native Americans so they could learn how to live in their new world. The Native Americans reaction to the English settlers and the attack on the Native Americans in both colonies were very similar. There were four stages to this process that occurred over and over again throughout the history of English and Native American relations. First the settlers come to North America, the Natives come to resent the settlers dependency upon them. Then a highly respected native would receive a vision where they saw their tribes brought back to life and thriving again. The native and his vision would connect with the tribes military force which led to a pan-Indian war where the Native Americans would be completely destroyed.

Jamestown and the Pilgrim colonies have a variety of similarities and differences based on their relations with the Native Americans. These similarities and differences lead to many questions on how we see these two groups of people today and how we associate them with our foundation. When we look at the founders of our country we look to the Pilgrims, when really the Jamestown settlers were the first to have a permanent settlement in North America. In kindergarten students are taught about Thanksgiving, they make turkeys from hand prints and are told the story of how the Pilgrim came over on the Mayflower to form a colony and eventually the United States. They are shown the relation between the Native Americans and Pilgrims to be completely accepting leading to a great feast we know now as Thanksgiving. We are not taught that the Jamestown settlement was the foundation of our country, primarily due to the unpleasant relationship they had with the Native Americans. The Pilgrims created a peaceful relation with the Native Americans supporting our belief of our country being peaceful and accepting. We also identify with the Pilgrims because they came for a religious reason. The Pilgrims came to America to find a place where they could practice there own religion without English laws. Our society has always had a strong religious background that relates us more to the Pilgrims then the Jamestown settlers. The Pilgrims had a strong set of beliefs and values that were incorporated into our society again deferring our attention away from the Jamestown settlers as founders for our country.





SOURCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia#Historical_overview_1508-1705
2. http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/colonial/indians/indians.html
3. nchs.ucla.edu/NH116-preview.pdf
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Settlement
5. http://www.historyisfun.org/History-Jamestown.htm
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims
7. http://www.allabouthistory.org/pilgrims.htm
8. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761557909
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip's_War

Note all sources were used to make this paper.