Midterm prompt
Heidi Wyman
1-16-08

Abstract: In this paper I will tell you how the lesson of the past 600 years is that we have to keep trying. I will support this with examples and information from, The World Is Flat, Thomas Friedman, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, David Lands and the Library encyclopedia. This is very importaint to the society today and the future of society. This message is importaint because it shows what we need to keep going, to keep questioning our current knowledge and faith in things.

Many scholars will tell you that you can learn from the mistakes and success of the past. If this is true, what would the revolutions of the past 600 years tell you that we need to do? Would the revolutions show that we need to keep trying to innovate and learn? David Lands states that we must “cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to choose means.” Is this the message portrayed from the humanism movement to the technological revolution we are currently going

through? The lesson learned over the past 600 years is that we have to keep trying and move forward.
The first aspect that Landes states is essential to the lesson of keep trying is that we have to cultivate a skeptical faith. To cultivate a skeptical faith is to have a scientific, religious, and or political belief but also to be ready to question, explore, investigate and learn from new information and developments. Both the Humanist movement and the Reformation support the need for society to have a skeptical faith. The humanist movement questioned churches traditional beliefs of the meaning of life. By doing this, it created more then one point of view around how people saw themselves outside the church. They questioned the Catholic Churches traditions and polices. They still wanted to practice religion and be active in the church, while having a life, learning and exploration outside of the church. Maintaining a faith in religion but being able to question the traditional way of life. During the Reformation, Martin Luther exhibited skepticism of faith. He practiced religion while questioning through his 95 theses church traditions and polices he did not agree with. Again he wanted to retain a religious background and be part of the church, but still be able to question aspects of the church he felt were wrong and needed to be changed. Keeping a skeptical faith. Without skeptical faith, society will be come stagnant, does not move forward with knowledge, technological and medical treatment instead just accepts information given to them.(1)

Landes states that as part of the western history we must avoid dogma. Dogma is defined as a principle, belief, or idea especially one authoritatively considered to be absolute truth; avoiding this would be to stay away from accepting a belief, information because someone in charge told you to do so. We see examples of avoiding/fighting dogma during the Renaissance/Humanist Revolution, Scientific Revolution and the Technological Revolution. In the Humanist Revolution the Catholic Church faces serious problems with the society. The society began to question the traditional system of beliefs and the translation of the Bible. Martin Luther, a German monk and professor of

theology, recognized the corruption within the church and started to address them. His first act was to write a list of complaints against the church, the “95 theses”. Martin Luther’s second act was to post his theses on the Cathedral door in Wittemburg, Germany. These were taken and copied by the printing press and posted on many other churches. Luther’s stand led to many priest including Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin, a French born scholar, to preach against church dogma, ritual and pomp.(1) The fight against the church led to different religious beliefs and church dogma. A second fight against dogma is seen during the Scientific Revolution. The church’s traditional belief was that the stars and sun revolve around the earth. Kepler was the first to challenge this traditional belief by publishing his theory that the sun was the center of the universe, with the planets revolving around it. Though Kepler had a theory he did not have evidence to prove his theory and was ignored by the society. During the Scientific Revolution, Galileo was able to prove that the sun was the center of the universe using his invention of the telescope. Galileo published his findings in a book called, Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief World Systems. Galileo was challenging societies dogma around the setup of the universe. Which led others to further investigations, knowledge and a continuation of challenging traditional beliefs (dogma). In today's Technological Revolution, societies beliefs about how to do business and be successful is currently being challenged by the growth and changes in technology. Our new technology has made major strides in communication and cooperation, changing the way businesses work in a global society. Businesses that do not embrace this global economy are going to suffer. Freidman points out businesses that have been very successful at adapting and growing in the new global economy. All of these businesses are fighting dogma. These three revolutions all avoided/ fought dogma in different ways. (4)

Another issue when deciding message of history is that we need to keep trying, to consider is if society “listens and watches well” as stated by Landes. Does society learn from and pay attention to the past to help them make today's choices? We see two examples of this in the Industrial and current day Technological Revolutions. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain ahead of the other countries. Britain had industries, machines and a growing economy wanted by many other countries. Britain was “ a country with lots of private wealth and well-funded merchant banks, able to finance enterprise with family resources, small loans and reinvestment of profits.” ( Germany watched the advancement of Britain and learned from them to create a better business economy. Germany took the aspects of the British industries that worked and built on them, also adding schools that would educate their people. Germany listened and watched well, to get ahead and become a strong country. This is also seen in the Technological Revolution of today. People and businesses of today have to attend to and embrace modern technology. Freidman gives us two good examples of this from his book, The World is Flat. The first is the growth of the UPS company. They were an company that dealt primarily with one business aspect, shipping. They watched the world economy and technology changing and realized they has to diversify if they were going to survive. Now instead of only shipping, they went inside your company; analyze its manufacturing, packaging and delivery processes; and then design, redesign, and manage your whole global supply chain. If nessisary they'll even finance parts of it, such as receivable and COD payments. They paid, listened and watched well using what they saw to be more productive and successful. The second example was personal to Freidman. He talks about arriving at the airport early so he could pick up his e ticket for an A seat. He was disappointed when he received his ticket and it was not among the A seats. Upon boarding the plane Friedman discovers that the people who had the A seats were customers who had printed their tickets in the comfort of their home at 12:01 the night before. This new procedure was beneficial to both customers and the airline because customers saved time and got the seats they wanted , while the airline benefited because they no longer had to pay labor to print and handout the tickets. Because Freedman did not pay attention to the technological advancements he missed out on his preferred seating. (3)

The goal of all revolutions is to clarify and define ends; changing how we think and how we live. Each of the revolutions over the past 600 years have changed the way society thinks and lives. The Renaissance Revolution clarified how people saw themselves. People pre-revolution only saw themselves through the church. After the revolution, people saw themselves as individuals. The Scientific Revolution changed the way people saw the truth. It made it acceptable to find new knowledge and not get everything from the church beliefs. The Industrial Revolution changed the world from an agricultural society to an urban society. The Industrial Revolution also changed the rate of production bringing about mass production which greatly increased economic growth more than ever before. The current Technological Revolution has improved how businesses collaborate around the world. It has also improved the supply chains of the world. The technological revolution is still currently happening so we have yet to see the full effect of this revolution.

Finally, Landes says that we need to use all of the pieces he discusses to better choose means. Thus, the challenge for society is to use the knowledge from history to better choose means. Have we used the lessons of the past 600 years to improve our lives? When you bring together the examples from the revolutions over the past 600 years you have support for Landes statement that the lesson of the last 600 years is the need to keep trying. “No miracles. No perfections. No Millennium. No apocalypse. We must cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to choose means.” The revolutions have combined to continuously change the world in some opinions for the better and some for the worst. Overall the lesson from the past is to keep trying. The challenge for all societies is to use the knowledge of the past to create a better future by continuing to try.

Biographies-

1."Cultures in Transition." Volume Library. 3 vols. Nashville, Tennessee: Southwestern, 2006.

2. Landes, David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York: Norton & Company, 1999. 168-291.
3.Friedman, Thomas L. The World is Flat. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.

4. Honors History class

Palmyra Episcopal Church

Heidi R. Wyman

Ms. Lind & Mr. Viles

Honors English / History

1/9/08

Throughout the development of the little town of Palmyra Maine, the Episcopal Church has been a lasting influence on the society for 169 years. Through this 169 year the Church has developed from the Grange hall to different church denominations, to its current denomination of the Episcopal Church. This church’s influence on the society can be seen throughout their charitable work within the community.

The church building currently occupied by St. Martin’s Episcopal Church, was built in 1838. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The building started as the Palmyra Free Meeting hall, a place where the community could meet for free to worship and discuss as they please. The land for the meeting hall was sold to the church by Stephen Robinson who only charged the church one pew. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The church also sold 52 pews to fund the building of the church. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) Each pew buyer would hold the right to choose a minister who would preach on the week corresponding with the number on their pew. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The total construction cost of the church was $1800.00. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The building was constructed by George Lancey. He hired a building crew with Lewis Williams the head carpenter. In 1871 the church was in need of repairs. Pew owners re-organized and were able to tax the pews to raise $350.00. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This money was used to paint the outside, repair the blinds and to shingle the roof.In the next 124 years the church was home to three denominations, the Methodist, Baptist and Christian’s. They worshiped in this one church at different times on service days. Some ministers of the Christian denomination include, Mr. Stackpole, Mr.Tibbetts and Mr. Webster. Baptist elders included James Langley and Virgil Sweetland, son of one of the town’s initial settlers. Methodist preachers included Jesse Harriman Springer, La Marsh, Southard, Tingliny Brooks and Charles H. Johonnett. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197)

In 1962 the building which was currently owned by the Union church, a group of Jesus Christ followers who provided choir services to the community, was bought for $1 by the St. Martin’s congregation. (Breau, Beverly 12/15/07) The St. Martin’s group has formed in Pittsfield in 1959, originally meeting at Shorey’s Funeral Home and the former Jaycee Hall. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This price was set by the townspeople to make the price low enough so it would be bought and put into use. The building was then renovated in preparation for the first Episcopal service in May 1963. The purchase and renovation of the free meeting hall restored regular Sunday services to the town. (Mack, Sharon K. Bangor Daily News.) A community church had been absent from the town for many years.

In 1964 the St. Martin’s congregation purchased the Palmyra Grange hall, a building residing next to the church. This building was constructed in 1896, by the grange. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The grange was a group of seventy members organized by their master F.L Brown on November 13, 1893. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This group first held its meetings in the upper town house until they had the Hall built. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The grange hall and group sponsored the Palmyra band, which provided music for the town and other neighboring towns. The grange hall was also known for holding old time fairs with exhibits of cattle, horses, vegetables, foods and needlework. Since 1922 the hall has also housed Farm Bureau or Extensions and 4-H clubs. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The congregation purchased this building for $300, a price that would pay off the mortgage of the Grange hall. The congregation then turned the Grange hall into the Parish hall for the church. The parish hall would be used for community activities, public suppers and Sunday school.

In 1985 Janet McAuley was installed as the priest as St. Martin’s. McAuley had two bachelor’s degrees, three master’s degrees and a doctorate degree in religion. McAuley was a well known priest in the community. She oversaw many new programs in the church. The first program was the start of the library in 1988. The library started by Beverly Breau was held in the attic of the church. The library along with the literacy program taught around 200 adults how to read. Janet McAuley served the church up until her death in 2005. (The Northeast. June 2006)

In 1991 the Church lit on fire, destroying the steeple of the church. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) This fire was started by a lighting bolt that struck the bell in the tower. The great ring drew many townspeople to the church to see what had happened. Local fire departments from five towns were able to control the fire and secure the rest of the church. The church in itself was saved but the steeple had to be replaced, new siding had to be installed and some restorations were needed inside the church. The fire did not harm any of the surrounding buildings and left the parish hall as it had always been.

The church again strived for the next 14 years until April 19, 2006 whey yet another fire ripped through the church. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) The efforts of the six area fire departments did not pay off, the fire was unable to be controlled and the church damage was too severe to be repaired. There were few items saved from the fire including the alter, pews, crosses, candle sticks and the door that led to the basement of the church. The door was old and wooden with a vintage latch and hinges. On the door the dates including 1854, these dates represented when the church had been painted.

The burning of the church did not stop the worshiping; as planned the church installed Reverend Levering Sherman Jr. as their new vicar and priest-in-charge five days after the fire. On April 30, 2006 Reverend Levering Sherman Jr. celebrated his first Eucharist as vicar in the parish hall. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197) He is currently still at St. Martin’s Episcopal Church.

Since the fire, the congregation meets, prays and cooks in the church hall. The church continues all of its regular services such as Sunday school, service and the community suppers in the parish hall. Beverly Breau says that the church lines up the pews to have Sunday service and then has to take them off and put up the tables for the suppers at the church. (Breau, Beverly 12/15/07) The church holds turkey pie suppers twice a month, on the second and fourth Saturdays of the month from 4:30 to 6:30pm. These suppers provide for an average of 70 people and have been a tradition of the church for over 20 years. The profit made during the community suppers goes to the fund to rebuild the church and the literacy program at the church. The suppers provide dinner for an average of 70 people With the community suppers, literacy program and donations to the county food band, the church is more involved with the community. (Palmyra Bicentennial. 188-197)

This church has affected society with its charitable works throughout the history of Palmyra. During the war they provided special support services for families of those in the war. These services provided memorials for the men and women who were lost during the war. There was also a church choir that brought community members together. The church also provided a meeting place for church and community services. Currently the church provides a literacy program for families in the community. They also hold turkey suppers twice a month and also contribute food to the county food bank. The growth and development of Palmyra Maine, has been positively influenced by the existence of the church in the town. This church has come a long way from a Grange hall to becoming a full time Episcopal Church in the community.

Work Cited

• Breau, Beverly. Dec. 15 2007

• Mack, Sharon K. “Palmyra pies bring town together.” Bangor Daily News. 14 Nov. 2007. 3 Dec. 2007. <htt[://bangordailynews.com/news/+/lifestyle.aspx?articleid=156476&zoneid=14>.

• Palmyra Bicentennial. International Standard Penobscott P, 2007. 188-197.

• Saintmartins.sebasticookvalley.net/images/church.html

• Seekins, Brenda. Images of America Sebasticook Valley. Portsmouth: Arcadia, 2004.
• "St. Martin's Already Rebuilding in Palmyra After April 19 Fire." The Northeast June 2006. 20 Dec. 2007.

Work Consulted

• “Episcopal Church.” Infoplease. 2007. Columbia Universiitypress. 2 Dec. 2007. <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0858019.html>.

• "

  Protestant Episcopal church.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2 Dec 2007.

• “History of the Episcopal church.” Christ Church. 3 Dec. 2007. <http://www.christchurchmonticello.com/history.htm>.

Mental or Physical?

Abstract:
In this paper, I will show how the industrial revolution was a material revolution. I will support this thesis with David S. Lands’ The Wealth and Poverty of Nations and Eric Hobsbawm’s The Age of Revolution. This thesis is important because the Industrial Revolution changed the way people worked and earned a living.
David S. Landes states that, “revolution is an instance of great change or alteration in affairs or some particular thing.” The Industrial Revolution caused changes due to huge numbers of developing industries, new machinery, a population in need of jobs, inventions, increasing population and the beginning of a middle class coming together to create constant, rapid and unlimited multiplication of man, goods and services. A goal no previous society had been able to obtain. Unlike the Renaissance period that was primarily based on the change in knowledge and beliefs, thus a mental revolution, the Industrial Revolution was a material revolution based on goods and economy.
There were many inventions and improvements in machinery that aided the development of industries, pushed toward mass production and improved agriculture. Some of these machines included the spinning wheel, reverberatory furnaces, the steam powered engine and steam powered plow. These machines helped increase the productivity of goods and agriculture.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution people used a system called the cottage industry to produce fabric. This was an industry where people would spin and weave wool at their own house and at their own pace. There were constant issues between bosses and weavers involving accusations of stealing and misuse of materials. Thus when the industrial revolution eliminated the cottage industries employers were happier to have the weavers under their roof and more control over the materials, rate of production and products. The cottage industries were replaced with spinning wheels in factories. The spinning wheels increased the efficiency of carding, twisting, spinning and rolling the wool into yarn which then increased the supply of yarn that supplied the weaving industry. By the end of the revolution, steam power was used to power the machines creating mass production of yarn for weavers.

A second piece of machinery that was essential in the Industrial Revolution was the reverberatory furnace also known as a cupola. This was a machine that melted coke pig iron into cast iron goods. This produced pots, pans, fire backs, pipes and kettles that were thin and cheap. Therefore, the cheaper iron became a major material used to produce goods during the revolution. The cheap iron also helped development of steam engines and railways.

A third revolutionary machine was the invention of the steam engine. The steam engine took about two hundred years to completely develop. Until the 1800’s, the steam engine was only used to pump water from mines, this allowed mines to ascend deeper into the earth. The steam engine was invented and a solution was found for the pistons that were limiting the power of the machine. This solution allowed the steam engine to be put into ships, such as the Dreadnought. These ships were faster, cleaner and they rarely had to stop into port for more than a day.

The fourth invention that was extremely effective was the steam engine plow. These plows had two engines on each side of the field with a plow connected by a cable to the engines. These new plows reduced the cost of plowing and the number of people needed to run the farm. These four machines all worked together to create mass production of goods such as yarn for weaving, cast iron goods for cooking and agricultural goods. The machines were the base of the industrial revolution, without them there would have been no need for factories and industries. These machines and many others worked together to produce a material change in society.
The Industrial Revolution rapidly fed the supply and demand economic cycle. This cycle started with the idea of new machines an idea worthless unless acted upon. This led to the creation of new machinery. The new machines are the base for factories, where there would be mass production of all sorts of goods. These factories would create a need for people to run the machines, creating new job
opportunities. The advancement in farming machinery allowed farms to produce crops more cheaply with less labor, freeing people to work in the factories. All of the people who were unemployed, not only from the farms but also the people who were on the streets moved to the city where there was an abundance of jobs that needed filling. These workers now had money to spend on goods, creating higher demand. This causes the cycle to start over with the need for machines and products, to creating even more jobs and production of goods.
Every revolution has an effect on all parts of P.E.R.S.I.A. The political, economic, religious, society, intellectual and aesthetics of a society. The materials in the Industrial Revolution effected all parts of PERSIA. First, the machines had an effect on the political power of nations. The countries of which took part in the revolution of machines and factories had the most money, therefore giving them power. The countries that did not take part in the revolution fell to the bottom of the economy and political power. Spain for example, showed this with their power from wealth found in the Americas before the revolution. When the revolution hit, Spain’s money was gone, they were not able take part in the revolutionary inventions, materials and fell to the bottom. The economics were effected greatly by the new machines and industries. The first economical change was the change from a feudal to an industrial society with huge economical growth. The industries introduced mass production and more jobs for society. In return, it gave people more money to buy products and demand more. The effect on religion was that employment of the people took them from their religious studies. The impact on society was huge. There were many new opportunities for jobs in the factories which brought more people form the country to the city in search of work. This also changed the lifestyle of society, they changed from agricultural extended families to city dwellers. The machines changed the intellect of the people. Before the revolution, people had to know how to spin or weave wool by hand. With the new machines of the revolution, the people no longer had to know the art of spinning or weaving but simply knew how to use the machines that spun and wove the wool for them. The last part of P.E.R.S.I.A. is aesthetics, the machines had great effect on the aesthetics of society. The picture of society changed tremendously from the Industrial Revolution. Prior to the revolution in the picture you saw little homes where people worked and farmed. In the new picture of society, you see industries, increased factories, major cities and agricultural land; all caused by the joining of industries, development of machinery, inventions and the beginning of a middle class.
The Industrial Revolution was primarily a material revolution. When you have a revolution that changes the way people think, it would be considered a mental revolution such as Humanism. When thinking of a material revolution, it relates to tools, machinery and the money that is available and brought about changes. What came from the Industrial Revolution is a change in machinery, mass production and industries bringing more work not a revolution of philosophical thinking. The revolution built the economy of anyone who took part, it produced goods using the economic cycle of mass production and increase in jobs and income of society driving the supply and demand. There is no question that this revolution was driven by material and physical changes of Europe.

What is Truth?
By Heidi Wyman
11-19-07

Truth, what does this word mean? Some people will tell you that truth relies solely on proof that comes from science or fact. Others will tell you that truth is what your traditional beliefs are. Webster tells us that truth is the body of real things, events and facts. Or is truth a compromise between science and faith /traditional beliefs. Throughout history we see many examples of conflict between the church and science over what is true. Even though many of these issues have been resolved, today there continue to be conflicts between religion and science.

In the scientific revolution from 1600-1800 (the Enlightenment), there were many conflicts between science and religion. One major conflict was between Galileo and the church over the Copernican theory. This theory stated that the earth revolved around the sun. Galileo took the position of supporting the Copernican theory. Galileo proceeded to build a telescope and is the first to use it in astronomy. He uses the telescope to observe the Milky Way, his observations lead him to believe that the Earth moves around the sun. The church however takes the opposing side supporting the traditional belief that the sun revolves around the Earth. The church supports this belief because it has always been the traditional church belief that we are at the center of the Universe and the Universe revolves around us. The Earth as the center had been accepted as the truth for hundreds of years. At first, the Pope compromises with Galileo allowing him to publish his findings in a book as long as he states that his work is only a theory and not proven true. Galileo took this opportunity and wrote a book called, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems that outlined his theory. Eventually this issue was resolved with the scientific evidence provided by Galileo. People accepted the proof of Galileo's work and eventually began to believe that the Earth revolves around the sun. Of course today, this is the accepted truth of the rotation of the galaxy.

A second area of conflict between science and religion during this time period was around the encyclopedia and the underlying concepts in the encyclopedia. The encyclopedia was the circle of teachings for the eighteenth century. It was a place for scientists and philosophers to

put their findings into one place where anyone could access the knowledge easily. The church reviewed the encyclopedia and were appalled. The church believed that the encyclopedia was giving people false information about them. One example of this comes from the Encyclopedia article on consecrated bread. This article states that, "some will find my estimate to low. Still 40,000 pieces of bread for communion will cost 80,000 livers which, multiplied by 52 Sundays adds up to more then 4 million livers. Why can't we be spared this experience? We are to childish and slaves to custom to see that there are more truly religious ways of worship." This of course infuriated the church and is one example of why they were opposed to the encyclopedia. Even though the church was against the encyclopedia, it was very popular in the general society. People liked the accessibility of knowledge and truth in one place. The church wanted to resolve this issue by condemning the volumes already printed, however the author and scientists were tipped off to the churches plans and were able to collect the manuscript and send it away to continue the work in secret. Eventually, Diderot completed twenty eight volumes and a second editor added seven volumes for a total of a thirty five volume encyclopedia. This issue was eventually resolved by the church not fighting the publishing and spread of the encyclopedia. The editors and scientists did not back down or stop publishing their ideas, studies and opinions that were eventually accepted by many people. In 1775, Charles Joseph Pankoucke gained the rights to reissue the encyclopedia in.


The conflict between science and religion is still seen today in many ways. One current issue is the conflict between the story of creation and Evolution. The religious belief is that God created the world, mankind and all living things in seven days. The church believes this because it is written in the first five books of Genesis and it is their tradition. Scientists believe in Evolution, a theory proposed by Charles Darwin which stated that "we came into existence through a process in which organisms adapt to their environments by natural selection or interactions of their genetic makeup with the existing environmental conditions." Natural selection and changes in genetic makeup cause species to change and develop as they need to constantly improving and adapting over long periods of time. Scientists believe this theory based on fossil record and the research done by Charles Darwin on the Galapegos Islands. All of his research provided evidence and proof for the theory of Evolution. This conflict has not been resolved and I believe that it will never be resolved. There will always be religious people who rely totally on faith, people who will not be open minded to physical scientific evidence. Though there have been no solutions for this issue, there have been many proposed compromises but only two commonly known. The first is the belief that evolution and the creation story can both be true. There are those that believe that the seven days that it took for God to create the world as described in the bible are not seven days as we know them to be. The seven days from the story represent a longer period of time such as eons which will allow both the creation story and evolution to exist together. The second compromise, is the theory of intelligent design. This theory states that various forms of life began abruptly, through an intelligent agency, with their distinctive features already intact, such as fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks and wings. This theory is not as accepted as others because it is inferring that God is the intelligent agent and is just another copy of the creation theory. This issue is not currently resolved but the minds of society may be changed if more evidence and proof is discovered.

Another modern disagreement between religion and science is about stem cell research. The religious belief is that an embryo has life as soon as it is fertilized. On the other hand, scientists believe that a cluster of cells that is only five days old in not yet life. They believe that it is a pre-embryo, a cell that can not live on its own. The churches belief/position is based on their belief that taking any life is morally wrong. They believe that these embryos have the potential to become human beings so it is wrong to use them in research. The scientists position is that this cell is only five days old and does not have any way of living on its own. They also see that the cell is not guaranteed to develop into a living organism. In this situation, science faces impediments with stem cell research. The primary impediment is that there are laws forbidding stem cell research. On two occasions scientists and researchers have tried to pass legislation to allow stem cell research but each time have failed. However, since there is still an interest by scientist to proceed with stem cell research the issue is not resolved. Scientists continue to propose different compromises that abide by the law.

There are many similarities between the scientific time period of the Enlightenment and modern conflict between science and religion. First, in both times the conflicts were to determine who had the actual truth. Both parties believe that they had/have the truth then and now. Secondly, the way we resolve the issues in the past are similar to how we will eventually resolve modern issues. The issues in the past were resolved with time, knowledge and evidence. We will find resolutions for the modern issues using the same three factors. Based upon historical conflicts between religion and science my prediction for the resolution of modern conflicts will be very similar. Most of the conflicts from the past have been resolved using science and the proof provided by science. Science and scientists have been the ones who have held the truth and proven that truth with evidence and observations that you can not deny. You can see that the modern conflicts between religion and science should follow with the same resolution with science eventually providing evidence and proof to show what they had hypothesized was the truth.

Although these two time periods have similarities in the conflicts between science and religion there are also differences. First, current scientists do not have to worry about being excommunicated from the church. Scientists in the 1600-1800's worried about the church banning them. Galileo gave up on his findings in fear of being banned from his church. Secondly, with modern conflicts we have more technology and freedom to prove scientific theories true. During the Enlightenment, they had to invent technology that was used to gain scientific knowledge. In modern times, we have a huge amount of technology available to use at anytime. A third difference from the Enlightenment conflicts and modern conflicts is the churches power. In the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, the church had the power to stop the spread of knowledge, such as Galileo's finding and the encyclopedia. In modern conflicts, knowledge is not restrained by the church. It is easily accessible to anyone who would like to have it. You can post your ideas, beliefs and scientific theories online and in book found all over. No one has the power to restrain information.

You may still be wondering how you determine truth? The answer to this question is not what is actually true but what your belief of truth is. Do you believe that truth is something you can see and prove? Or do you believe that truth is based solely on your faith in something? With religion, you have your faith and the teachings from the bible to defend your idea of truth. With science, you have an abundance of proof and evidence to defend your idea of truth. Religion is based solely on the bible, when looking at evolution religion looks to the creation story in genesis, a story that you have to put your faith into to think that it is true. For a scientist to believe something is true they have to go through a process. The first step to this process is to take observations and then collect evidence from their observations. The next step is to create a hypothesis explaining their evidence. The scientist then designs a plan to prove or disprove their hypothesis. The test is then conducted and if their hypothesis is incorrect they must go back to step two and create a new hypothesis. If their hypothesis is correct the scientist published his finding for other scientists. If other scientists can conduct the same test and get the same results, the information is published for everyone. This is called the scientific method. This is a precise way of finding the truth, you have to prove something with evidence and you have to prove it more then once. Many of the conflicts between science and religion are solved using proof and evidence from science. In the end, I can not tell you what truth is, I can tell you what I believe truth to be but each person has to determine what their own truth is going to be.

Jubilee year in Rome

Heidi Wyman

10/24/07

Looking at certain historic events in history you think how did this happen? Most events have many underlying factors that play into them. One might also consider how these factors may relate to each other. An example would be Leo Battista Alberti, an artist, the aqueducts of Rome, a scientific invention and Pope Nicholas V, a political figure. What impact did these three factors create? Pope Nicholas V was the first pope of the Renaissance, who rebuilds Rome. Leo Battista Alberti was an architect, musician, painter and sculptor. The Roman aqueducts gave a consistent source of clean water for Rome. These three factors brought Rome to its Jubilee year, during this time there were many artist and inventors who flocked to Rome producing art, literature, inventions galore.

A strong political figure from the Renaissance is Pope Nicholas V; he was named the first pope of the Renaissance. Nicholas was born at Sarzana, Liguria in 1397. He earned a degree in theology in 1422 and was taken into the service by Bishop Niccolo Albergati. This let Nicholas travel through Germany, France and England. During these trips Nicholas was able to collect books for his personal collection. These books would later be the start of the Vatican library built in 1448. After his service, Nicholas was appointed Bishop of Bologna. In 1447, when Pope Eugene IV died, Nicholas was elected Pope. He reigned for eight years until his death in 1455. During his reign Nicholas introduced a “fresh spirit to the Renaissance ”, he made Rome worthy of being the capital of the world at that time. Nicholas reinforced Rome’s defenses, paved main streets, rebuilt the city, the Vatican and the Borgo district and St. Relers Basilica. Also among Nicholas’ achievements would be his success with the rebuilding of the Aqueducts of Rome. Nicholas supported all of these plans by raising funds during the Jubilee year.

A scientific recreation, the Roman aqueducts were originally constructed around 312 B.C by Agrippa to create a constant supply of water for Rome. These aqueducts put together are estimated to be between 420 and 500 km long, but only 29 miles of aqueduct were above ground. The aqueducts had a sophisticated construction; they were built on a gradient that let gravity bring the water into the city. After some success during building, the constructors started to experiment with arches and Inverted syhons to accommodate for valleys and plains. Chorobats were used to flatten the terrain for the aqueducts and gromas were used to measure right angles for the aqueducts. The use of the underground aqueducts helped prevent disease from getting into the water. The aqueducts being underground also protected them from enemies destroying them. These aqueducts lasted for 500 years; their downfall came in the sixth century when they were wrecked by invaders. After this the Romans had to depend on water wells and/or the water from the yellow Tiber, until Nicholas repaired the aqueducts to working order. Again providing Rome with a safe and clean fresh water supply and improving the living conditions in Rome.

Leo Battista Alberti was an architect, musician, painter and sculptor, all of these qualities give Alberti the name of an artist. Alberti completed his education at the University of Bologna, where law was the base for his study. Alberti get his doctorate in Canon law and was appointed canon of the Florentine Cathedral. Alberti then went to Rome where he was hired by Pope Nicholas V. Alberti was to do all of the art work for Pope Nicholas V. This included restoring the aqueducts, designing the church of Saint’ Andrea and the church of San Francesco. Leo Battista Alberti was a very accomplished artist, who helped Nicholas V improve Rome in a variety of ways.

This political man, artist and scientific recreation worked together to make a huge impact on Rome and the citizens of the world during the Renaissance. The impact created by these three aspects, was Rome becoming the capital of the world and Rome having its Jubilee year. This year produced many new pieces of art, city improvements, literature and increased the power of the papacy. It took all three aspects, the artist, the political figure and the scientific invention, to achieve this impact.

The Pope Nicholas created plans to reconstruct the fresh water supply to Rome by repairing the aqueducts. The Roman aqueduct reconstruction was the base of why Nicholas V wanted the Jubilee year. The Pope took this reconstruction plan and found a way to earn funds for it. He wanted Rome to become the capital of the world. The activities planned for the Jubilee year would bring pilgrims and their money to Rome. The money acquired would then be use to further Nicholas' plan to repair the aqueducts and other projects. The Roman aqueducts were the motivation for Nicholas V to plan Rome's Jubilee year.

Leo Battista Alberti plans for the aqueducts also influenced the creation of the Jubilee year. Alberti was the architect who made the plans for the reconstruction of the aqueducts. His relationship with Nicholas and architectural skills helped Nicholas create plans to improve Rome by securing a clean water supply and eventually

beautifying Rome with fountains added to the aqueduct system. To fund these plans, projects and architecture Nicholas and Alberti created the Jubilee year.

Leo Battista Alberti and Pope Nicholas V worked together to create the jubilee year. This artist and political man had many influences on the culture of Rome. Nichols V hired Alberti to be his architect. Alberti was to create plans to reconstruct the Roman aqueducts to bring the fresh water supply back to Rome. These two men then created plans to bring Rome to its jubilee year, where pilgrims would come to Rome to support the funding for the aqueducts. This jubilee year would not only fund the aqueducts but many more artistic plans created by Nicholas V and Alberti.

Leo Battista Alberti, Pope Nicholas V and the aqueducts funneled together to create the Jubilee year. What is the Jubilee year? This year is 1450, the year in Rome where pilgrims came to Rome in flocks to visit churches, see architecture, read literature, and create art, to celebrate the Renaissance and Rome. This brought an abundance of money to Rome; this money was used by Nicholas V to rebuild the Roman aqueducts to provide a continuous clean supply of water for Rome. Why are these events and their impact so significant? The Jubilee year did not just fund the rebuilding of the aqueducts, which was a major achievement, it also brought about many new pieces of artwork, city improvements, literature and increased the power of the papacy.

Although there were many significant impacts from these events, two stand out as significant and lasting effects. The first is Leo Battista Alberti's De re aedificatoria (Ten Books on Architecture). These books were written by Alberti and dedicated to Pope Nicholas V in 1452. These books are not revisions of a previous writer, but ten completely new books by Alberti. These books made advances upon the engineering knowledge and the stylistic principles of classic art. Another is the reconstruction of the aqueducts and adding to them with ornate fountains. These fountains increased the beauty of Rome bringing more and more people to Rome. Alberti designed the base of the famous Trevi Fountain in 1453, this fountain would not have been built if the Jubilee year never came and Rome never got the money from the pilgrims. These two significant impacts left a lasting effect on Rome and the people of the world.

Looking at this impact you can see that it was caused by Pope Nicholas V, Leo Battista Alberti and the aqueducts. Parts of this impact are still seen today. We still see the Trevi fountain of which Alberti built the base. This is now a major tourist attraction in Rome for its beauty and structure. Other structures that still stand in Rome are the aqueducts; these can be seen all over Rome. A piece of literature that is still seen today is Leo Battista Alberti's Ten Books of

Architecture. These books are seen as the "bible of Renaissance architecture". Another structure that we still see today is the Vatican Library; this library was the first public library in Rome. The library currently holds around 75,000 manuscripts and 1.1 million printed books; the library also has a secret collection of Vatican Archives including 150,000 items. As you can see the impact left by Nicholas V, Leo Battista Alberti and the aqueducts have found their way into today’s life. They teach us of the art, science and politics of the Renaissance.

Leo Battista Alberti Pope Nicholas V Roman Aqueducts

Time Line

Heidi Wyman

Revolution

10/15/07

To have revolution you must have all of the aspects of p.e.r.s.i.a. (politics, economics, religion, society, intellect and aesthetics). Though a revolution must have all of the aspects one can be more causative. In the Renaissance revolution, religion was the main cause. During the Renaissance revolution the main cause religion affected all of the other aspects of p.e.r.s.i.a.

The main cause of the renaissance revolution is religion. The biggest issue was the corruption in the church. This causes people to fight and want chance in the church. First, the church made laws against usury. However the popes and the hierarchy of the church condoned or took part in the usury. For example, Parks describes instances where the popes, bishops and cardinals would not only condone usury but commit usury themselves. Parks stated, "when a bishop, or a cardinal, or the pope himself had money to put in a bank and wanted to pay investor rather than borrower, he was egger to get something in return." (p.23) and "There were those priests who denounced sin and screamed foul and promised damnation. And there were those who studied canon law to find the loopholes in it." (p.23). This condoning and use of usury by the hierarchy of the church created frustration within the followers of the church. This led to a division in the church and revolution. This corruption in the church led Martin Luther to address the corruption of the church thought writing down all the aspects of the church which he and others felt were corrupt. One example of an aspect that Luther thought was corrupt was the use of money and building for the church as a way of getting into heaven. The corruption of the church led to major frustration from the followers leading to reformation.

The religious preferences of the people had an effect on the society. When people had “unum sanctrum”, one church, there was one society and no separation. The church did not like people to challenge them as Martin Luther did in fear of separation. Luther’s actions led to the reformation of the church, splitting it into more the one religion and a split society. Secondly, some in society questioned the morality of buying privileges such as legitimacy for your child from the church. Parks shows that Cosmo had an illegitimate son and used his influences to have him in the church and later on the Bishop of Prato. This was another area of frustration to the followers of the church. This increased the desire for church reformation, hence leading to the Renaissance revolution.

The church had a huge influence on the economy of Florence. The church collected tithes from all over Italy. “The church demanded its tributes from all over Christendom” (p20), they believed that if you didn’t pay you would go to hell. This cause a major amount of the money to go to the church verses the government/ general economy. The government wanted to collect more taxes and have so mot the income that went to the church again feeding into the revolution. Secondly, the church believed that all being children of God the people should want to help each other therefore not charging each other interest. “Give, without hoping for gain”. (p.11). Business people and bankers were aggravated because this was stopping the earning of money. They had to work around church rules and attempt to elect popes that would ignore usury. All of these issues feed into the revolutionary movement.

The intellect of the people was affected by the spread of knowledge through religion. Luther spread his knowledge of corruption by posting 95 theses. These theses were then taken down and copied by a member of the printing press and then distributed. This spread the knowledge of the corruption in the church, therefore causing the splitting of the church. The intellect of the people was also affected by the translation of the Bible. The Bible was translated from Greek to Latin and then into German by Luther. The translation of the bible provided knowledge of religion for more people. These actions affected the intellect of church followers changing their views and adding to the move for revolution.

The church’s law of no usury effected politics. Business men and government leaders worked to make sure there was a pope who condoned usury. Parks shows this with the government in Florence banding any type of practice close to usury. They then worked to get Cosmo into political power so he could revoke the law against usury. If the political power had the support of the church they would have more power. The church has a lot of power and at this time they were not in complete agreement with they political leaders causing more desire for change.

As you can see, Religion is the strongest cause of the renaissance revolution. In and of itself religion is a strong motivation for reformation. It also ties into all of the other areas of p.e.r.s.i.a. causing more motivation for change.

Dr. Fautus

I believe that the term "faustian bargain" means, a deal with a benificial short term outcome but long term negatice consequence. The term "faustian bargain" derices from the play Dr. Fautus. In the play Dr. Faustus clearly makes the faustian bargain. Faustus makes a deal with Mephastophilis, a worker for the devil. The deal was that Mephastphilis will serve Faustus for twenty-four years giving him faim, fourtune, riches and anything he disiers. In return Faustus must gice his soul to the devil. In the beginning Faustus thinks this deal is great but when it is time to pay his dues Faustus realizes that he will pay eternaly for his short term goals. In Dr. Faustus' bargain his shor term gails are gaining wealth, power, fame and knowledge. Faustus uses these powers to scare the pope by snatching the food and dishes from him while invisable, to make a knight grow horns for offending him, to summon Helen of Troy and to send people who he has used his powers against away. After Dr. Faustus uses his powers for his twent four years the devil comes for his soul and Faustus realizes the mistake he has made by making the bargain with the devil and repents just to have his sould takein by the devil like the deal said.